Influenssa ja mikroRNA-kirjo . Käsitys RNA virus ten kyvystä miRNA muodsotukseen

Rev Med Virol. 2016 Nov; 26(6): 389–407.

Published online 2016 Jul 4. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1894

PMCID: PMC7169129

PMID: 27373545

The role of microRNAs in respiratory viral infection: friend or foe?

Alireza Tahamtan, ¹ Christopher S. Inchley, ² Mona Marzban, ¹ Masoumeh Tavakoli‐Yaraki, ⁴ Majid Teymoori‐Rad, ¹ Britt Nakstad, ^{2 , 3} and Vahid Salimi ¹ 

Abbreviations

microRNAs

miRNAs

nucleotide

nt

precursor miRNAs

pre‐miRNA

RNA‐induced silencing complex

RISC

three prime untranslated region

3ʹ‐UTR

nuclear factor kappa B

NF‐kB

interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase

IRAK

chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand

CCL

nerve growth factor

NGF

tropomyosin‐related kinase A

TrkA

severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus

SARS‐CoV

Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus

MERS‐CoV

OC43‐coronavirus

OC43‐CoV

very low‐density lipoprotein receptor

VLDLR

human metapneumovirus

HMPV

virus‐associated RNAs

VARNAs

 Figure 1

Following viral infection, host cells alter their microRNAs (miRNAs) expression as a defense against infection, while viruses can circumvent host defense and promote their own propagation by affecting host cellular miRNAs expression or by expressing their own miRNAs

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miRNAs, microRNAs; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; COX6C, cytochrome c oxidase VIC; NGF, nerve growth factor; TrkA, tropomyosin‐related kinase A; NF‐kB, nuclear factor kappa B; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; CAR, Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor; HDGF, hepatoma‐derived growth factor.

(Uppfattning,  Käsitys 2016) :

"RNA Viruses

Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses usually do not encode their own miRNA, and the reasons behind this discrepancy are debated theoretically 89. The majority of RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm where they cannot access the nuclear enzyme Drosha, which is required for miRNA processing. Those RNA viruses, which do have access to the nucleus (e.g. influenza and HIV‐1), may avoid encoding their own miRNAs because excision of a primary miRNA from RNA virus genome would induce cleavage and destruction of viral genome 20, 27. In addition, viruses that undergo short lytic replication cycles are less likely to encode miRNAs 22."

Figure 2

Influenza infection of airway epithelial cells induces or inhibits certain cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) expression in favor of viral replication, pathogenesis, and also suppress anti‐viral responses. However, certain cellular miRNAs can inhibit replication of influenza in infected cells, and certain miRNAs play important roles in priming airway cells for repair and regeneration following influenza infection