Autofagia

TRIM13 indusoi autofagiaa
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016748891100317X?via%3Dihub

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00054/full 

• Bakteerit käyttävät autogaiatietä hyväkseen

Subversion of Autophagy Taking Advantage of the Autophagic Pathway

Several intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Coxiella burnetii, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Brucella abortus, have the ability to manipulate the autophagic pathway for their own benefit. These pathogens may stimulate their uptake into autophagosomes by the secretion of bacterial effectors (Amer and Swanson, 2005) In addition, these microorganisms appear to efficiently growth within autophagosome-like vacuoles. Indeed survival of some of these pathogens is reduced by autophagy inhibitors or in cells defective for essential autophagy genes such as Atg5 (Romano et al., 2007; Mestre and Colombo, 2012) Due to space limitations the mechanisms employed by these pathogens are not presented here, but these topics have been previously discussed in other reviews (Ogawa et al., 2005; Amer, 2013). In summary, in spite of acting as a critical component of the innate immune system to restrict some intracellular pathogens, autophagy can be modified or even exploited by certain microorganisms to favor pathogen survival and growth.

Concluding Remarks

As described in this review the autophagic pathway acts as a host cell effector mechanism to protect against pathogen invasion. However, many intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed highly advanced mechanisms not only to evade autophagic recognition but to manipulate the autophagic pathway for their own benefit likely by remodeling the autophagosomal compartment. While there is a general understanding on the overall survival strategies used for several of the microorganisms analyzed in this review, much uncertainty remains on specific aspects of how the autophagic response is triggered or how the pathogens escape and avoid autophagy clearance.