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tisdag 31 maj 2022

Omicron BA.5 linja on saanut neljä alalinjaa. (VOC-LUM)

 Lineage



Most common countriesEarliest date# designated# assignedDescription
BA.5 South_Africa 21.0%, Portugal 19.0%, United States of America 14.0%, Germany 11.0%, United Kingdom 10.0%2022-01-05662540Alias of B.1.1.529.5, from pango-designation issue #517
BA.5.1

770Alias of B.1.1.529.5.1, Portugal lineage
BA.5.2

340Alias of B.1.1.529.5.2, mainly found in South Africa, England and USA, from pango-designation issue #551
BA.5.3

1300Alias of B.1.1.529.5.3, mainly found in Germany and South Africa, from pango-designation issue #550
BA.5.4

950Alias of B.1.1.529.5.4, mainly found in England, Denmark, Spain and Scotland, from pango-designation issue #618

Omicron varianttilinja BA.4 on saanut yhden alalinjan BA.4.1 ja parhaillaan hahmotellaan sillekin vielä alalinjoja

 https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.4

Tässä linkissä näkyy tietoja BA.4 sekvensseistä  viisi päivää sitten . Alalinjasta ei ole vielä asetettu käyrää. Siitä  tarkemmasta  alalinjan  alalinjojen hahmottelusta  saa tietoa GITHUB- linkissä asianumeroista #548, #661 ja #667.

Alalinjan BA.4.1  määrittelevä mutaatio on  T21570G, josta aiheutuu S-piikkiproteiinin aminohappomuutos   V3G. 

VOX-LUM on uusi taulukko WHO:n monitoroimista Covid-pandemiaviruslinjoista varmuuden vuoksi

Nämä kuusi VOC-LUM linjaa ovat  Kiertävien VOC-varianttien alalinjoja, joissa on huomattu olevan joitain kasvuetupiirteitä ja omia  mutaatioitkin.

Ne ovat  ensinnäkin BA.1 -ja BA.2 -linjojen sisarlinjat BA.4 ja BA.5 .

Sitten muut ovatkin BA.2 alalinjoja ja niistä seuraavat: BA.2.9.1, sitten BA.2.11 ja BA.2.12.1  sekä BA.2.13.

Sitaatti: 

VOC lineages under monitoring (VOC-LUM)

Latest VOCs have largely replaced other co-circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Delta reached almost 90% of all viral sequences submitted on GISAID by October 2021, and Omicron is currently the dominant variant circulating globally, accounting for >98% of viral sequences shared on GISAID after February 2022. As transmission of these VOCs has been sustained, this has led to significant intra-VOC evolution. Since its designation as a VOC by WHO on 26 November 2021, viruses part of the Omicron complex have continued to evolve, leading to descendent lineages with different genetic constellations of mutations. Each constellation may or may not differ in the public health risk it poses, and each lineage that includes substitutions in key sites may need further investigation to assess whether its characteristics diverge or not from those that define the variant of concern they stem from.

In light of the widespread transmission of the Omicron VOC across the globe and the subsequent expected increased viral diversity, WHO has added a new category to its variant tracking system, termed “VOC lineages under monitoring” (VOC-LUM) to signal to public health authorities globally, which VOC lineages may require prioritized attention and monitoring. The main objective of this category is to investigate if these lineages may pose an additional threat to global public health as compared to other circulating viruses. If any of these lineages is proven to have distinct characteristics as compared to the original VOC it belongs to, the TAG-VE will convene and may advice WHO to give it a separate WHO label.

Working definition:

A variant that, according to phylogenetic analysis, belongs to a currently circulating VOC

AND

shows signals of transmission advantage compared to other circulating VOC lineages

AND

has additional amino acid changes that are known or suspected to confer the observed change in epidemiology and fitness advantage as compared to other circulating variants.

VOC-LUMs*:

Pango lineageGISAID cladeNextstrain  
clade 
Relationship to circulating VOC lineagesGenetic features Earliest documented  
samples 
BA.4#

GRA22A

22A

BA.1 and BA.2 sister lineage

BA.2-like constellation in the spike protein + S:del69/70, S:L452R, S:F486V, S:Q493 reversion

South Africa, Jan-2022

BA.5#

GRA

22B

BA.1 and BA.2 sister lineage

BA.2-like constellation in the spike protein + S:del69/70, S:L452R, S:F486V, S:Q493 reversion 

South Africa, Jan-2022

BA.2.12.1

GRA

22C

BA.2 sublineage

BA.2 + S:L452Q, S:S704F

United States of America, Dec-2021

BA.2.9.1§

GRA

-

BA.2 sublineage

BA.2 + S;L452M

Multiple countries, Feb-2022

BA.2.11**

GRA

-

BA.2 sublineage

BA.2 + S:L452R

Multiple countries, Mar-2022

BA.2.13§

GRA

-

BA.2 sublineage

BA.2 + S:L452M

Multiple countries, Feb-2022

*VOC-LUMs are tracked under Omicron unless/until sufficient evidence arises that the virus characteristics are substantially different from what is known about the VOC they belong to. If this evidence arises, WHO will decide, in consultation with the TAG-VE, if designation of the emerging variant warrants a separate WHO label.

# these lineages have identical constellation of mutations in the spike and the following differences outside the spike: BA.4: ORF7b:L11F, N:P151S; BA.5: M:D3N. Both have reversions at nsp4: L438 and ORF6:D61

§these lineages have identical constellation of mutations in the spike and the following differences outside the spike:  BA.2.9.1: ORF3a:H78Y, N: P67S, N: S412I

**additional mutation outside the spike protein: ORF1a:S2519P

fredag 27 maj 2022

MPXV infektion leviäminen Pohjoismaissa

 2022-05-30  Tredje   fall konnsaterats i Sverige enligt radionyheterna .  Tydligen  har viruset ingen   större  tendens att sprida sig, tillsvidare.

2022-05-+27

GöteborgsPosten:   Första fallet av apkoppor i Västra Götaland

 https://www.gp.se/nyheter/v%C3%A4stsverige/f%C3%B6rsta-fallet-av-apkoppor-i-v%C3%A4stra-g%C3%B6taland-1.73513540

Västra Götaland har fått sitt första fall av apkoppor.
Det bekräftade fallet är Sveriges andra.
– Smittspårning pågår runt fallet, säger smittskyddsläkaren Thomas Wahlberg.

onsdag 25 maj 2022

WHO kaavoittaa uuden tuntemattoman lasten hepatiittiviruksen selvittelyä

 https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376

(jatkoa samasta linkistä 25.5. 2022   Tämä alkuperältään tuntematon akuutti lasten hepatiitti on johtanut jo useisssa vakavissa tapauksissa maksansiirtoon lapselle. Tauti on leviämään päin.  SITAATTI)

Public health response

Further investigations are ongoing in countries that have identified cases and include more detailed clinical and exposure histories, toxicology testing (i.e. environmental and food toxicity testing), and additional virological/microbiological tests. Affected countries have also initiated enhanced surveillance activities.

WHO and ECDC are supporting countries with the ongoing investigations and collecting information from the countries reporting cases. All available information is further disseminated by countries through their Hepatitis Networks and clinical organisations such as the European Association for the Study of the Liver, the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).

For cases in Europe, joint WHO/ECDC data collection will be established using The European Surveillance System (TESSy).

Guidance derived by the United Kingdom Health Security Agency has been issued to affected countries to support a thorough investigation of suspected cases.

WHO risk assessment

The United Kingdom first reported an unexpected significant increase in cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin in young, generally previously healthy children. An unexpected increase of such cases has now been reported by several other countries – notably Ireland and the Netherlands.

While adenovirus is currently one hypothesis as the underlying cause, it does not fully explain the severity of the clinical picture. Infection with adenovirus type 41, the implicated adenovirus type, has not previously been linked to such a clinical presentation. Adenoviruses are common pathogens that usually cause self-limited infections. They spread from person-to-person and most commonly cause respiratory illness, but depending on the type, can also cause other illnesses such as gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach or intestines), conjunctivitis (pink eye), and cystitis (bladder infection). There are more than 50 types of immunologically distinct adenoviruses that can cause infections in humans. Adenovirus type 41 typically presents as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, often accompanied by respiratory symptoms. While there have been case reports of hepatitis in immunocompromised children with adenovirus infection, adenovirus type 41 is not known to be a cause of hepatitis in otherwise healthy children.

Factors such as increased susceptibility amongst young children following a lower level of circulation of adenovirus during the COVID-19 pandemic, the potential emergence of a novel adenovirus, as well as SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, need to be further investigated. Hypotheses related to side effects from the COVID-19 vaccines are currently not supported as the vast majority of affected children did not receive COVID-19 vaccination. Other infectious and non-infectious explanations need to be excluded to fully assess and manage the risk.

With continued new notifications of recent onset cases, at least in the United Kingdom, together with more extensive case searching, it is very likely that more cases will be detected before the cause can be confirmed and more specific control and prevention measures can be implemented.

WHO is closely monitoring the situation and working with the United Kingdom health authorities, other Member States and partners.

WHO advice

Further work is required to identify additional cases, both in currently affected countries and elsewhere. The priority is to determine the cause of these cases to further refine control and prevention actions. Common prevention measures for adenovirus and other common infections involve regular hand washing and respiratory hygiene.

Member States are strongly encouraged to identify, investigate and report potential cases fitting the case definition1. Epidemiological and risk factor information should be collected and submitted by Member States to WHO and partner agencies through agreed reporting mechanisms. Any epidemiological links between or among the cases might provide clues for tracking the source of illness. Temporal and geographical information about the cases, as well as their close contacts should be reviewed for potential risk factors.

WHO recommends that testing of blood (with initial anecdotal experience that whole blood is more sensitive than serum), serum, urine, stool, and respiratory samples, as well as liver biopsy samples (when available) should be undertaken, with further virus characterization including sequencing. Other infectious and non-infectious causes need to be thoroughly investigated.

WHO does not recommend any restriction on travel and/or trade with the United Kingdom, or any other country where cases are identified, based on the currently available information.

1WHO working case definition:

  • Confirmed: N/A at present
  • Probable: A person presenting with an acute hepatitis (non hepA-E*) with serum transaminase >500 IU/L (AST or ALT), who is 16 years and younger, since 1 October 2021
  • Epi-linked: A person presenting with an acute hepatitis (non hepA-E*) of any age who is a close contact of a probable case, since 1 October 2021.

    *If hepatitis A-E serology results are awaited, but other criteria met, these can be reported and will be classified as “pending classification”. Cases with other explanations for their clinical presentation are discarded.

Further information

Citable reference: World Health Organization (23 April 2022). Disease Outbreak News; Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376 

Uusi tuntematon lasten hepatiittilaji on tarkoissa tutkimuksissa: Adenovirus alkaa hahmottua keskiöön

 https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON376

Please note that this Disease Outbreak News has been revised to correct the WHO working case definition that was published on 23 April 2022. 

Outbreak at a glance:

Since the WHO Disease Outbreak News on Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology – the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was published on 15 April 2022, there have been continuing further reports of cases of acute hepatitis of unknown origin among young children. It is not yet clear if there has been an increase in hepatitis cases, or an increase in awareness of hepatitis cases that occur at the expected rate but go undetected. While adenovirus is a possible hypothesis, investigations are ongoing for the causative agent.

Outbreak overview

As of 21 April 2022, at least 169 cases of acute hepatitis of unknown origin have been reported from 11 countries in the WHO European Region and one country in the WHO Region of the Americas (Figure 1). Cases have been reported in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the United Kingdom) (114), Spain (13), Israel (12), the United States of America (9), Denmark (6), Ireland (<5), The Netherlands (4), Italy (4), Norway (2), France (2), Romania (1), and Belgium (1).

Figure 1. Distribution of cases of acute severe hepatitis of unknown origin by country, as of 23 April 2022.

Cases are aged 1 month to 16 years old. Seventeen children (approximately 10%) have required liver transplantation; at least one death has been reported.

The clinical syndrome among identified cases is acute hepatitis (liver inflammation) with markedly elevated liver enzymes. Many cases reported gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhoea and vomiting preceding presentation with severe acute hepatitis, and increased levels of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) greater the 500 IU/L) and jaundice. Most cases did not have a fever. The common viruses that cause acute viral hepatitis (hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E) have not been detected in any of these cases.  International travel or links to other countries based on the currently available information have not been identified as factors.

Adenovirus has been detected in at least 74 cases, and of the number of cases with information on molecular testing, 18 have been identified as F type 41.

  SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 20 cases of those that were tested. 

 Furthermore, 19 were detected with a SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus co-infection.

The United Kingdom, where the majority of cases have been reported to date, has recently observed a significant increase in adenovirus infections in the community (particularly detected in faecal samples in children) following low levels of circulation earlier in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Netherlands also reported concurrent increasing community adenovirus circulation.

Nevertheless, due to enhanced laboratory testing for adenovirus, this could represent the identification of an existing rare outcome occurring at levels not previously detected that is now being recognized due to increased testing.

MERS koronavirustapaus Omanissa . WHO kommentoi

 https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON380

SITAATTI 24.5. 2022

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus - Oman

17 May 2022

Situation at glance

On 28 April 2022, WHO was notified of a case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), in a 34-year-old male, from Al Dhahira Governorate in Oman. The case had a history of direct contact with animals including dromedaries, sheep and goats at his family farm in Oman. The condition of the case remains critically unstable. As of 28 April, a total of six close community and 27 health care workers had been listed as contacts and were followed for 14 days from the date of last exposure with the case. No secondary cases have been reported to date. 

Description of the case

On 28 April 2022, the National IHR Focal point of Oman notified WHO of one case of MERS-CoV from Al Dhahira Governorate in Oman.

The case, a 34-year-old male, non-health care worker who is a resident of Al Dhahira Governorate, developed symptoms including shortness of breath, high-grade fever, and dry cough on 18 April which lasted for six days. On 24 April, he was taken to the emergency department of a hospital. Upon examination and assessment, he was found to be in severe respiratory distress, febrile, and hypotensive and diagnosed with clinical pneumonia with fluid collection in the lungs and was admitted to the isolation ward. The condition of the patient deteriorated, and he was immediately transferred to a negative pressure isolation room, in the medical ward on the same day. On 25 April, his condition worsened, and he was then transferred to an isolation room in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on mechanical ventilation. Respiratory samples were tested for several viral pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A sepsis workup including blood and urine tests was performed and tested positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on 27 April. 

As of 8 May, the condition of the patient remains critically unstable and he continues to be mechanically ventilated in an isolation room in the ICU. The patient has no known co-morbidities. There was no history of contact with similar cases, no history of travel nor previous hospitalization. However, the patient has a history of direct contact with animals including dromedaries, sheep and goats at his family farm in Oman.

Epidemiology of the disease

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection that is caused by a coronavirus called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Infection with MERS-CoV can cause severe disease resulting in high mortality. Approximately 35% of patients with MERS have died, but this may be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases of MERS-CoV may be missed by existing surveillance systems and until more is known about the disease, the case fatality rates are counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases.

Humans are infected with MERS-CoV from direct or indirect contact with dromedary camels who are the natural host and zoonotic source of the MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV has demonstrated the ability to transmit between humans. So far, the observed non-sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts and in health care settings. Outside of the healthcare setting there has been limited human-to-human transmission.

MERS-CoV infections range from showing no symptoms (asymptomatic) or mild respiratory symptoms to severe acute respiratory disease and death. A typical presentation of MERS-CoV disease is fever, cough and shortness of breath. Pneumonia is a common finding, but not always present. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, have also been reported. Severe illness can cause respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation and support in an intensive care unit. The virus appears to cause more severe disease in older people, persons with weakened immune systems and those with chronic diseases such as renal disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes.

No vaccine or specific treatment is currently available, although several MERS-CoV specific vaccines and treatments are in development. Treatment is supportive and based on the patient’s clinical condition.

Public health response

  • As of 28 April, a total of six close community and 27 health care workers were listed as contacts and followed up for 14 days from the last date of exposure to the MERS-CoV patient. All high-risk contacts, such as healthcare workers, were monitored for symptoms and screened for MERS CoV by RT-PCR as per the Ministry of Health Infection Prevention and Control guideline for MERS-COV exposures and cases. No secondary cases have been reported to date from Oman.   
  • Infection, prevention and control (IPC)measures were implemented in the hospital where the patient was admitted.  
  • Healthcare workers were educated on MERS and a refresher training course on IPC measures was provided.
  • Family members identified as close contacts of the case were educated on personal and respiratory hygiene to prevent further transmission 
  • The Ministry of Agriculture has investigated the farms of the patient’s family and close relatives; samples from the dromedaries have been collected for testing. As of 8 May 2022, results remain pending.

WHO risk assessment

Cases of MERS-CoV infection are rare in Oman. Since June 2013, a total of 25 MERS-CoV cases, including the current case, and seven deaths, have been reported to WHO from Oman.

As of 15 May 2022, the total number of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection cases reported globally to WHO is 2591 including 894 associated deaths. The majority of the reported cases have occurred in countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Outside of this region, there has been one large outbreak in the Republic of Korea, in May 2015, during which 186 laboratory-confirmed cases (185 in Republic of Korea and 1 in China) and 38 deaths were reported. The global number reflects the total number of laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths reported to WHO under International Health Regulations (2005) to date.

The notification of this case does not change the overall risk assessment for MERS. It is expected that additional cases of MERS-CoV infection will be reported from the Middle East and/or other countries where MERS-CoV is circulating in dromedaries, and that cases will continue to be exported to other countries by individuals who were exposed to the virus through contact with dromedaries or their products (for example, consumption of camel’s raw milk), or in a healthcare setting. 

WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conducts a risk assessment based on the latest available information.

WHO advice

Surveillance: Based on the current situation and available information, WHO re-emphasizes the importance of strong surveillance by all Member States for acute respiratory infections, including MERS-CoV, and to carefully review any unusual patterns.

Infection prevention and control in health care settings: Human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV in healthcare settings has been associated with delays in recognizing the early symptoms of MERS-CoV infection, slow triage of suspected cases and delays in implementing IPC measures. IPC measures are therefore critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS-CoV between people, particularly in health care facilities. 

Healthcare workers should always apply standard precautions consistently with all patients, at every interaction in healthcare settings:

• Droplet precautions should be added to the standard precautions when providing care to patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection.
• Contact precautions and eye protection should be added when caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection.
• Airborne precautions should be applied when performing aerosol-generating procedures or in settings where aerosol-generating procedures are conducted.

Case management: Early identification, case management and isolation of cases, quarantine of contacts, together with appropriate infection prevention and control measures in health care settings and public health awareness can prevent human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV.

MERS-CoV appears to cause more severe disease in people with underlying chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease, and immunocompromised persons. Therefore, people with these underlying medical conditions should avoid close contact with animals, particularly dromedary camels, when visiting farms, markets, or barn areas where the virus is known to be potentially circulating. Timely, effective, and safe supportive management of patients with MERS should be provided, particularly for those at risk of more severe disease. 

Infection prevention and control in the community: General hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals and avoiding contact with sick animals, should be adhered to. Food hygiene practices should be observed. People should avoid drinking raw camel milk or camel urine or eating meat that has not been properly cooked.

International travel and trade: WHO does not advise specific MERS-CoV screening at points of entry with regard to this event, nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.

Further information

 

 

For citable reference: World Health Organization (17 May 2022). Disease Outbreak News; Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus – Oman. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON380

tisdag 24 maj 2022

Retroviruspandemia leviää jatkuvasti hiipivää tahtiaan. Sille ei ole löydetty vielä rokotetta.

 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/estimated-number-of-people--living-with-hiv

Molluscipoxvirus on maailmassa tavallinen ja lastentautinakin pidetty ja sille on paljon hoitomuotoja etsittynä. VARV taas on juurrettu rokotuksin( isorokko)

(1)  Family: POXVIRIDAE, Subfamily:  Chordopoxviridae , Genus: Molluscipoxviridae  : Species: Molluscum contaginosum virus (MCV)  ( Ontelosyylävirukset, Mollusker på svenska) .

 2002;3(8):535-45.
doi: 10.2165/00128071-200203080-00004.

Molluscum contagiosum: recent advances in pathogenic mechanisms, and new therapies

Affiliations
Abstract

Two poxviruses, Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and Variola virus (VARV,  small pox virus )  are specific to humans. MCV is present worldwide and is directly passed by direct skin to skin contact to produce cutaneous and, rarely, mucosal lesions. It occurs predominantly in preadolescent children, sexually active adults, participants in sports with skin to skin contact, and in individuals with impaired cellular immunity. MCV characteristically proliferates within the follicular epithelium, and with routine fixation produces an area of retraction artifact separating layers 1 to 3 of CD34+ stromal cells that immediately surround the follicle from the surrounding dermis. This feature may be obscured when the lesions are inflamed, usually after rupture into the surrounding dermis. MCV is a cytoplasmically replicating virus. MCV-infected cells grow in size, while internal organelles are dislocated and eventually obliterated by a large intracytoplasmic inclusion. Rupture and discharge of the virus-packed cells occurs in a process similar to membrane debris and MCV accumulate in the crater-like ostium; MCV infection is spread by contact with infectious debris. 

In HIV-1-positive patients the histologic features, as well as the clinical features, may be atypical in patients with MCV infections. Not only are the lesions often large, but they may be verrucous and markedly hyperkeratotic.

Recent sequencing of the MCV genome has increased our understanding and investigations into its mechanisms for avoiding host defense mechanisms. These include regions which encode for homologues of cellular chemokines and chemokine-binding proteins, a homolog of MHC1 and a viral FLICE-like inhibitory protein.

 Treatment, until recently, has depended upon tissue destruction including curettage, cryotherapy, CO(2) laser, electrodesiccation, trichloracetic acid and cantharadin. Recently, topical immune modulators have been used with some success. Understanding of the MCV genome is providing the basis for the development of drugs for therapy and prevention of MCV infections.

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HIV-1 immuunivaiheessa ilmentyneet opportunistit. HIV-1 on edelleen pandeminen virus.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539787/ 

 

Tässä luettelossa ei mainita POXviruksia, mutta käytännössä esiintyy  Hiv-1 immuunivajeessa myös Molluscum contagiosum infektioita kirjallisuuden mukaan.  

HAKU:  HIV-1 AND POXvirus Molluscum contagiosum 

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Molluscum contagiosum: recent advances in pathogenic mechanisms, and new therapies.
Smith KJ, Skelton H. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(8):535-45. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200203080-00004. PMID: 12358555 Review.
Two poxviruses, Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and Variola virus are specific to humans. ...Rupture and discharge of the virus-packed cells occurs in a process similar to membrane debris and MCV accumulate in the crater-like ostium; MCV infection is spread by con …
Rapid microtiter assays for poxvirus topoisomerase, mammalian type IB topoisomerase and HIV-1 integrase: application to inhibitor isolation.
Hwang Y, Rhodes D, Bushman F. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Dec 15;28(24):4884-92. doi: 10.1093/nar/28.24.4884. PMID: 11121479 Free PMC article.
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Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. J Cutan Med Surg. 2000 Apr;4(2):76-82. doi: 10.1177/120347540000400207. PMID: 11179929
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Lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate, an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase active against HIV-1 virus in cell culture.
Reddy MV, Rao MR, Rhodes D, Hansen MS, Rubins K, Bushman FD, Venkateswarlu Y, Faulkner DJ. J Med Chem. 1999 Jun 3;42(11):1901-7. doi: 10.1021/jm9806650. PMID: 10354398
HIV-1 integrase is an attractive target for anti-retroviral chemotherapy, but to date no clinically useful inhibitors have been developed. ...Lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate also inhibited integration in vitro by authentic HIV-1 replication intermediates i
Total synthesis and evaluation of lamellarin alpha 20-Sulfate analogues.
Ridley CP, Reddy MV, Rocha G, Bushman FD, Faulkner DJ. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Oct;10(10):3285-90. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00237-7. PMID: 12150874
Lamellarin alpha does not inhibit HIV-1 integrase but shows moderate cytotoxicity with good cell line selectivity. Lamellarin alpha 13,20-disulfate is a moderate inhibitor of both HIV-1 integrase and cancer cell lines. Lamellarin H is a more potent inh …
 

Hypoteesi orthopox-viruksesta MPXV : Voisiko sekin olla opportunisti immunivajeessa kuten lähisukuinen chordopoxviruksiin myös kuuluva genus Molluxipoxvirus

 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361472/

Case Reports
. 1996 Feb;7(1):43-6.

Molluscum contagiosum, involving the upper eyelids, in a child infected with HIV-1

Affiliations
  • PMID: 11361472

Abstract

Background: Infection with molluscum contagiosum has been reported in pediatric and adult patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but rarely affecting eyelids. We have studied the viral phenotype, HIV-1 plasma viremia, p24 antigenemia, alterations of cellular immune function, and the ophthalmological status in a 5-year old human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected girl, who developed multiple molluscum lesions, bilaterally involving upper eyelids with extension over the face and nose.

Methods: Detailed ophthalmological examination and immunological and virological studies were performed in a pediatric patient with HIV-1 vertical infection having extensive infection with molluscum contagiosum.

Results: The pediatric patient was emetropic; tricomegalia was present bilaterally, and alteration of the microvessels of the conjunctiva (microangiopathy) was observable in both eyes and structural (fibrilar) degeneration of the vitreous architecture in both eyes. There was no ophthalmoscopic sign of infectious retinitis or retinal microangiopathy. She had lymphopenia, very low percentage and absolute number of CD4+ T cells but increased percentage of CD8+ T cells. The in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagluttinin (PHA) was depressed as compared to healthy controls. She had high levels of viral HIV RNA in her plasma and of p24 antigen in her serum, and the phenotype of the isolated HIV-1 was determined to be syncytium-inducing (SI).

Conclusion: Although healthy persons may develop molluscum contagiosum, usually unilateral, as far as we are aware this report is the first to document a case of molluscum contagiosum with bilateral eyelid involvement in an HIV-1-infected pediatric patient. Our observations suggest that this type of infection may be present in HIV-infected children, associated with high viral load and possibly an SI viral phenotype, severe immunoregulatory abnormalities, and poor clinical status.

Omikronrekombinanttien joukkoon on tullut vielä lisää Y-rekombinantti. Linkki viime rekombinanteista XT, XU, XV, XW ja XY

 

XT South_Africa 100.0%2021-12-131212Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, South Africa lineage, from pango-designation issue #478
XU India 71.0%, Japan 14.0%, Australia 14.0% 2022-01-20 7 7 Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, lineage in India and other countries, from pango-designation issue #522
XV

42 0 Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, lineage in Denmark and Italy, from pango-designation issue #463
XW

48 0 Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, USA, Germany, England lineage, from pango-designation issue #591
XY

360Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, predominantly in USA, from pango-designation issue #606

måndag 23 maj 2022

Tarkistan Omicron BA.2 linjan PANGO-luetteloa. Listan hännänhuipuksi merkattu viisi päivää sitten on uusi linja BA.2.42

Omicron BA.2.42

https://github.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/issues/610

Australian BA.2 lineage with S:68T and N:E378D [100 seqs, 3% in Australia] #610

Closed
corneliusroemer opened this issue 15 days ago · 1 comment 
 Näitä sekvenssejä tuli Australiasta ja niissä osoittautui  olevan Spike-mutaatio I68T ja  N-proteiinin mutaatio E378D. Varianttia määrittelevä mutaatio  on nukleotidimuutos A29407T  ja N:E378D.. 

InfrPopGen commented 5 days ago

Thanks for submitting. We've added lineage BA.2.42 with 72 newly designated sequences, and 3 updated designations from BA.2. Defining mutation(s) A29407T (N:E378D).

Variantilla on todettu  stabiilia kasvuvauhtia. 

Vielä jotain asiaa isorokkoviruksesta

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8458997_Perspective_Discovery_of_antivirals_against_smallpox

 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-selected-poxvirus-immunomodulators-and-regulators-of_fig2_8458997

 

HAKU MPXV genome

( Löytöjä yli 130)

Showing results for monkey pox virus genome
Your search for Monkey pox virsu genome retrieved no results
Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution.
Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Viruses. 2020 Nov 5;12(11):1257. doi: 10.3390/v12111257. PMID: 33167496 Free PMC article. Review.
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) f
Identification and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Monkeypox Virus Strain Isolated in Israel.
Cohen-Gihon I, Israeli O, Shifman O, Erez N, Melamed S, Paran N, Beth-Din A, Zvi A. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2020 Mar 5;9(10):e01524-19. doi: 10.1128/MRA.01524-19. PMID: 32139560 Free PMC article.
We report the whole-genome sequence of a monkeypox virus strain isolated in Israel. The strain was isolated in 2018 from a patient travelling back from West Africa. The virus was fully sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies Mi …
Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus.
Gao J, Gigante C, Khmaladze E, Liu P, Tang S, Wilkins K, Zhao K, Davidson W, Nakazawa Y, Maghlakelidze G, Geleishvili M, Kokhreidze M, Carroll DS, Emerson G, Li Y. Viruses. 2018 May 12;10(5):252. doi: 10.3390/v10050252. PMID: 29757202 Free PMC article.
Annotated whole genome sequences of three isolates of the Akhmeta virus (AKMV), a novel species of orthopoxvirus (OPXV), isolated from the Akhmeta and Vani regions of the country Georgia, are presented and discussed. The AKMV genome is similar in genomic
Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018.
Berthet N, Descorps-Declère S, Besombes C, Curaudeau M, Nkili Meyong AA, Selekon B, Labouba I, Gonofio EC, Ouilibona RS, Simo Tchetgna HD, Feher M, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, Manuguerra JC, Hassanin A, Gessain A, Nakoune E. Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 22;11(1):13085. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92315-8. PMID: 34158533 Free PMC article.
Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Re … 
Figure 2
Phylogeny of monkeypox viruses (MPXV) based on complete genomes. The Bayesian tree was reconstructed using the GTR+G model. The two sequences used as outgroup are not shown. For each MPXV sequence, we indicated the accession number in GenBank, the geographic locality, the country, the code, and the year. The 10 MPXV genomes specially sequenced for this study are written in red. Branches with an asterisk were supported by maximal Bayesian posterior probability (PP = 1) and ML bootstrap proportions ≥ 95. The main clades were highlighted with different colours: West African clade (orange), Central African group I (blue), II (white), III (yellow), IV (green) and V (pink). For convenience, the size of longest branches shown in grey was reduced by five.
 
Zoonotic poxviruses.
Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Meyer H. Vet Microbiol. 2010 Jan 27;140(3-4):229-36. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.026. Epub 2009 Aug 26. PMID: 19828265 Review.
During the last two decades, reports on emerging human monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and North America, the increasing number of cowpox virus infections in cats, exotic animals and humans and cases of vaccinia virus infections in humans in South America and I …
Poxvirus tropism.
McFadden G. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 Mar;3(3):201-13. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1099. PMID: 15738948 Free PMC article. Review.
Despite the success of the WHO-led smallpox eradication programme a quarter of a century ago, there remains considerable fear that variola virus, or other related pathogenic poxviruses such as monkeypox, could re-emerge and spread disease in the human population. .. …Poxvirus tropism at the cellular level seems to be regulated by intracellular events downstream of virus binding and entry, rather than at the level of specific host receptors as is the case for many other viruses. This review summarizes our current understanding of poxvirus tropism and host range, and discusses the prospects of exploiting host-restricted poxvirus vectors for vaccines, gene therapy or tissue-targeted oncolytic viral therapies for the treatment of human cancers.
[Human monkeypox].
Chastel C. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2009 Mar;57(2):175-83. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.02.006. Epub 2008 Apr 3. PMID: 18394820 Review. French.
Unlike other recent viral emergences, which were in majority caused by RNA viruses, the monkeypox results from infection by a DNA virus, an orthopoxvirus (OPX)  closely related to both vaccine and smallpox viruses  and whose two genomic variants are known. ...This po …
Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins.
Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct;225:96-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x. PMID: 18837778 Free PMC article. Review.
However, in 2003, there was an outbreak in the United States, representing the first documented monkeypox cases in the Western hemisphere. Although monkeypox virus  (MPXV) is less fatal and not as transmissible as variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox …
A Genome-Wide Haploid Genetic Screen Identifies Heparan Sulfate-Associated Genes and the Macropinocytosis Modulator TMED10 as Factors Supporting Vaccinia Virus (VAXV)  Infection.
Luteijn RD, van Diemen F, Blomen VA, Boer IGJ, Manikam Sadasivam S, van Kuppevelt TH, Drexler I, Brummelkamp TR, Lebbink RJ, Wiertz EJ. J Virol. 2019 Jun 14;93(13):e02160-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02160-18. Print 2019 Jul 1. PMID: 30996093 Free PMC article.
We employed a genome-wide insertional mutagenesis approach in human haploid cells to identify host factors crucial for vaccinia virus infection. ...A number of these viruses are clinically important to humans, including variola virus (smallpox) and vaccinia …
Whole Genome Characterization of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) Abatino, a Zoonotic Virus Representing a Putative Novel Clade of Old World Orthopoxviruses.
Gruber CEM, Giombini E, Selleri M, Tausch SH, Andrusch A, Tyshaieva A, Cardeti G, Lorenzetti R, De Marco L, Carletti F, Nitsche A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Autorino GL, Castilletti C. Viruses. 2018 Oct 6;10(10):546. doi: 10.3390/v10100546. PMID: 30301229 Free PMC article.
Phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved OPV genes (core gene set) showed that OPV Abatino is most closely related to the Ectromelia virus species (ECTV), although placed on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree, bringing substantial support to the hypothesis that … Orthopoxviruses (OPVs) are diffused over the complete Eurasian continent, but previously described strains are mostly from northern Europe, and few infections have been reported from Italy. Here we present the extended genomic characterization of OPV Abatino, a novel OPV isolated in Italy from an infected Tonkean macaque, with zoonotic potential. Phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved OPV genes (core gene set) showed that OPV Abatino is most closely related to the Ectromelia virus species (ECTV), although placed on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree, bringing substantial support to the hypothesis that this strain may be part of a novel OPV clade. Extending the analysis to the entire set of genes (coding sequences, CDS) further substantiated this hypothesis. In fact the genome of OPV Abatino included more CDS than ECTV; most of the extra genes (mainly located in the terminal genome regions), showed the highest similarity with cowpox virus (CPXV); however vaccinia virus (VACV) and monkeypox virus (MPXV) were the closest OPV for certain CDS. These findings suggest that OPV Abatino could be the result of complex evolutionary events, diverging from any other previously described OPV, and may indicate that previously reported cases in Italy could represent the tip of the iceberg yet to be explored.