https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/03/avian-influenza-0.pdf
Sitaattia:
4| Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds
Current
situation
HPAI
viruses of the original goose/Guangdong/96
(Gs/Gd) lineage,
predominantly
H5N1
and
H5N8,
have
continued to
circulate
in
Asia,
Africa
and
Europe
following the resurgence of extensive outbreaks since October 2021
3,4,5,6.
The epizootic at that time in Europe, caused by viruses of the 2.3.4.4b clade, was considered unprecedented. This lineage can be considered particularly‘fit’, and indeed unusually there were detections of these viruses in the summer months in wild birds (as well as poultry) in Europe, indicating continued circulation of virus in wild birds during this time 7.
Pivitystieto: Lauma vedessäeläviä nisäkkäitä hylkeentapaisia merileijjonia kuollut samassa yhteydessä kun ollut kymmenin tuhansin lintuinfluenssakuolemia linnustossa Perussa:
Jotain tällaisia eläimiä isohko määrä: ensimmäinen tieto ruotsin lehdistössä 8.2. 2023 aikaan, kun näitä eläimiä oli kuollut runsaat 500 perun rannoille. .
| Animalia | |||
| Taxonomic Rank: | Family | ||
| Synonym(s): |
Arctocephalinae
|
||
|
Otariinae
Gray, 1825 |
|||
| Common Name(s): | eared seals [English] |
||
| sea lions [English] |
|||
https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180615#null
Tämä toistettu uutinen oli radiosa 28.2. 2023 ja satuin kuulemaan, joten kirjoitan sitaatin:
- Fågelinfluensan kan ha muterat
- 600 döda sjölejon tros ha ätit smittad fågel
- Unikt: Endast andra djur i fångenskap har smittats tidigare
- Kan orsaka organsvikt och dödsfall
- Inget botemedel finns
- WHO manar till lugn – men smittspridningen ökar
- En nyhetsfördjupning från Ekot
Pablo Dalence"
Mainitaan, että lintuinfluenssa virusolisi ehkä mutatoitunut. Tässä ei mainita suoraan sitä H5N1, muta todennäköisesti kyse on siitä. Missä kombinaatiossa se nyt siten on, eiole tietoa. Päasia on se, että H5N1 ei ole käynyt ihmiskuntaa läpi, joten se tulee olemaan pandeminen,tosin se muoto missä se siinä vaiheesa on ,ei ole vielä tiedossa.
14.1.2023
Although H5N8 HPAI is still responsible for poultry and wild bird cases mainly in Asia, H5N1 has now in effect replaced this subtype in Africa and Eurasia in both poultry and wild birds.
The wide range of wild birds affected including
wildfowl,
waders,
gulls,
cranes,
grebes,
herons,
pelicans,
gamebirds,
corvids
and raptors (diurnal and nocturnal),
in addition to sporadic cases in mammals such as
and grey seal Halichoerus grypus ‘
indicates the potential for multiple and complex negative ecological impacts.
As
an
example
of
unusual
timing,
location
and
host
species, during the summer of 2021, beginning in July, a number of
were reported with H5N1 HPAI in the far northern Scottish Islands 7.
In
a more typical pattern, the number
of wild bird and poultry reports
of infection increased during the autumn/ winter months
of
2021.
Notable
wild
bird
outbreaks
involving H5N1
HPAI
include
deaths
in
November
of
approximately 300
demoiselle cranes Anthropoides virgo
[At
time of writing some of the recent wild bird mortality events are not
yet reported in
the
scientific literature.]
In
the UK, mass mortality has been described on the Solway
Firth
in
South
West
Scotland
10.
Beginning in early November 2021,
barnacle geese Branta leucopsis
were seen to be dying. Although other species such as
waders and other wildfowl have been affected 11,
the large population of Svalbard-breeding barnacle geese has been the focus of the epizootic, with some 8,000-10,000 estimated dead to date.
At
time of writing, over 20 % of the total flyway population is
estimated to have died. The
same
species, but of other populations, was particularly affected
during
the
previous
winter
in
continental
Europe 3.
In
The
Netherlands,
H5N1
HPAI
has
been
associated
with the death of
hundreds
of red
knot Calidris
canutus
and other
waders near
Schiermonnikoog (Waddensea) in December
2021
12.
Notably
red
knot
were
severely
affected by H5N8 HPAI last winter in The Netherlands.
The Hula Valley region of Israel has witnessed mass mortality beginning in December 2021 involving deaths of some 8,000
Globally threatened species such as
marbled teal Marmaronetta angustirostris have died, as have hundreds of
great
white pelicans Pelecanus
onocrotalus (the
victims of large-scale
die-offs
in West Africa in December-January 2020-21 and at other sites in
Europe 6).
Despite
significant operations to remove carcasses and hence reduce infection
pressure,
concerns
remain for those cranes
wintering
further south in north east Africa that will use the Hula Valley as a
staging site during spring migration.
Of
additional concern, in terms of potential for wider geographical
spread in the Americas, is the first detection of the same lineage of
virus in Newfoundland, Canada, in December 2021, and in hunted
wildfowl in
the eastern USA reported in January 2022.
The
afore mentioned cases in
skuas
(which
in effect act like
raptors and
likely represent sentinels of infection in other
birds),
and the detection of the same virus in the gulls
in Newfoundland, suggest wild bird movements being involved in the
introduction to the Americas 7.
In
terms of human health, the currently circulating H5N1 HPAI viruses
do not apparently pose the same zoonotic risk as
the
‘original’
Asian
lineage
H5N1
(clade
2.2
and
their derivatives plus clade
2.3.4.4b H5N6 viruses currently
in China). In general, the risk can be considered low,
recognising
that
some
agencies
now
consider
occupational exposure,
e.g.
those
working
on
poultry
culling operations, as low/moderate 3.
The
scale of mortality across Europe and parts of Asia, plus the findings
of asymptomatic carriage of infection in some
duck and goose species
1
has again indicated that wild birds can be both victims and vectors of infection.
Lack
of robust surveillance and contextual information surrounding many of
the wild bird deaths continues to prevent good epidemiological
understanding. Studies such as that of Kleyheeg et al. (2017), which
at least attempt to quantify mortality and its potential impacts, by
working across both wild bird and virology monitoring sectors, are to
be encouraged.
Continued
evolution of the
Gs/Gd lineage viruses
in the last several years has occurred in both poultry and wild bird
populations. Whilst there is continued maintenance in both
‘populations’ this process will still remain dynamic and is
likely to involve further changes in the virus.
Spread
of HPAI viruses from poultry or between wild birds,
with consequent co-circulation of low
pathogenic AI viruses naturally maintained in wild birds, can
give rise to new virus variants through
genetic recombination
1.
The
emergence and spread of such variants is a dynamic on-going process
that is likely influenced by species susceptibility, population
structure and immunity, behaviour, virus fitness and environmental
conditions.
In
summary, a disease once essentially confined to the poultry sector
which spread most significantly to wildlife in 2005, is now again,
responsible for regular large-scale losses of wildlife and repeated
spillback to poultry with consequent significant impacts and threats.
As
pressures on biodiversity continue, and noting calls for reassessment
of the poultry sector, this One Health issue requires cross-sectoral
working and responses to ensure
conservation obligations are met
and health of people, livestock and wildlife is protected
3
EFSA
(2021)
4
FAO
website - avian influenza situation updates
5
OIE
website - avian influenza
6
Scientific
Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds statement, February
2021
7
Caliendo
et
al. (2022)
8
Times
of India
9
https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?place=8700509,317#promedmailmap
10
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-59669263
11
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/avian-influenza-bird-flu-in-europe
12
https://www.wur.nl/nl/Onderzoek-Resultaten/Onderzoeksinstituten/Bioveterinary-Research/show-bvr/Vogelgriep-bij-wilde-vogels.htm
13
https://www.birdlife.org/news/2022/01/10/israel-and-uk-facing-record-breaking-bird-flu-outbreaks
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