Sacristán C, Ewbank AC, Ibáñez Porras P, Pérez-Ramírez E, de la Torre A, Briones V, Iglesias I.Transbound Emerg Dis. 2024 Sep 27;2024:5322378. doi: 10.1155/2024/5322378. eCollection 2024.PMID: 40303080Free PMC article.Review.
The number and diversity of mammal species infected by H5N1 2.3.4.4b is unprecedented. Although considered low, this strain's potential to spillover to humans should not be underestimated, especially considering the current extremely high viral circulation in …
Avian influenza is one of the most devastating avian diseases. The
current high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) A virus H5N1 clade
2.3.4.4b epizootic began in the 2020-2021 season, and has caused a
panzootic, considered one of the worst ever reported. The present
panzootic has novel epidemiological features that represent a challenge
for its prevention and control. This review examines key epidemiological
changes of the disease such as seasonality, geographic spread, and host
range. The seasonality of the virus has changed, and contrary to
previous avian influenza epizootics, this subclade was able to persist
during boreal summer. Its geographic range has expanded, with reports in
all continents except Australia. During this epizootic, HPAIV H5N1 has
broadened its host range, infecting hundreds of bird species, and
causing the death of thousands of wild birds and over 300 million
poultry. The number and diversity of mammal species infected by H5N1
2.3.4.4b is unprecedented. Although considered low, this strain's
potential to spillover to humans should not be underestimated,
especially considering the current extremely high viral circulation in
animals and increasing adaptation to mammals. Overall, HPAI A(H5N1)
clade 2.3.4.4b represents an ongoing and growing threat to poultry,
wildlife, and human health.
Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Sun X, Kieran TJ, Pappas C, Zeng H, Vu MN, Lakdawala SS, Tumpey TM, Maines TR.Lancet Microbe. 2025 Mar 17:101070. doi: 10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101070. Online ahead of print.PMID: 40112840Free article.
METHODS: Primary human nasal and corneal tissue constructs were infected with A(H5N1)
A/Texas/37/2024 (Texas/37), A(H1N1)pdm09 A/Nebraska/14/2019 (Neb/14),
and A(H7N7) A/Netherlands/219/2003 (NL/219) viruses (multiplicity of infection [MOI] of 0.01-0.0 …
3.
2009 Jun 15;48(12):1639-46.
doi: 10.1086/599031.
Clinical features of human influenza A (H5N1) infection in Vietnam: 2004-2006
A H5N1 infektion yhteydessä voi esiintyä HLH-L, muta se ei kaiketi ole mikään sääntö vaan joillakin esiintyvä taudinkulku. Esimerkki infektioista, joissa sitä on ilmentynyt aiemmin.
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in zoonoses. A systematic review
Background:
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare syndrome that
is often fatal despite treatment. It is caused by a dysregulation in
natural killer T-cell function, resulting in activation and
proliferation of histiocytes with uncontrolled hemophagocytosis and
cytokines overproduction. The syndrome is characterized by fever,
hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, liver dysfunction, and
hyperferritinemia. HLH can be either primary, with a genetic aetiology,
or secondary, associated with malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or
infections.
Aim:
To focus on secondary HLH complicating zoonotic diseases.
Materials and methods:
PubMed search of human cases of HLH occurring during zoonotic
diseases was performed combining the terms (haemophagocytic or
haemophagocytosis or hemophagocytosis or hemophagocytic or
erythrophagocytosis or macrophage activation syndrome) with each one of
the etiological agents of zoonoses.
Results:
Among bacterial diseases, most papers reported cases occurring
during brucellosis, rickettsial diseases and Q fever. Regarding viral
diseases, most of the cases were reported in patients with avian
influenza A subtype H5N1. Among the protozoan zoonoses, most of the
cases were reported in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Regarding
zoonotic fungi, most of the cases were reported in AIDS patient with
histoplasmosis. No cases of secondary HLH were reported in patient with
zoonotic helminthes.
Conclusions:
Zoonotic diseases are an important cause of HLH. Secondary HLH can
delay the correct diagnosis of the zoonotic disease, and can contribute
to an adverse outcome.
A H5N1 pandemiana on ennalta arvaamaton. Kananpoikien mortaliteetti on 100%, Emme kuitenkaan ole lintuja, joten prosentti on alle 100. Sosioeknomiset ja yhteiskunnalliset muut seikat voivat tietysti nostaa mortaliteettia ihmiskunnassa. Sotakin tappaa lisäksi eivätkä ne näytä päättyvän. Lisäksi tuhotaan tutkimuslaitoksia,jotka ehkäisevät pandemioita ja hoitavat hengenvaarassa olevia.
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