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tisdag 24 maj 2022

Molluscipoxvirus on maailmassa tavallinen ja lastentautinakin pidetty ja sille on paljon hoitomuotoja etsittynä. VARV taas on juurrettu rokotuksin( isorokko)

(1)  Family: POXVIRIDAE, Subfamily:  Chordopoxviridae , Genus: Molluscipoxviridae  : Species: Molluscum contaginosum virus (MCV)  ( Ontelosyylävirukset, Mollusker på svenska) .

 2002;3(8):535-45.
doi: 10.2165/00128071-200203080-00004.

Molluscum contagiosum: recent advances in pathogenic mechanisms, and new therapies

Kathleen J Smith  1 , Henry Skelton
Affiliations
Abstract

Two poxviruses, Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and Variola virus (VARV,  small pox virus )  are specific to humans. MCV is present worldwide and is directly passed by direct skin to skin contact to produce cutaneous and, rarely, mucosal lesions. It occurs predominantly in preadolescent children, sexually active adults, participants in sports with skin to skin contact, and in individuals with impaired cellular immunity. MCV characteristically proliferates within the follicular epithelium, and with routine fixation produces an area of retraction artifact separating layers 1 to 3 of CD34+ stromal cells that immediately surround the follicle from the surrounding dermis. This feature may be obscured when the lesions are inflamed, usually after rupture into the surrounding dermis. MCV is a cytoplasmically replicating virus. MCV-infected cells grow in size, while internal organelles are dislocated and eventually obliterated by a large intracytoplasmic inclusion. Rupture and discharge of the virus-packed cells occurs in a process similar to membrane debris and MCV accumulate in the crater-like ostium; MCV infection is spread by contact with infectious debris. 

In HIV-1-positive patients the histologic features, as well as the clinical features, may be atypical in patients with MCV infections. Not only are the lesions often large, but they may be verrucous and markedly hyperkeratotic.

Recent sequencing of the MCV genome has increased our understanding and investigations into its mechanisms for avoiding host defense mechanisms. These include regions which encode for homologues of cellular chemokines and chemokine-binding proteins, a homolog of MHC1 and a viral FLICE-like inhibitory protein.

 Treatment, until recently, has depended upon tissue destruction including curettage, cryotherapy, CO(2) laser, electrodesiccation, trichloracetic acid and cantharadin. Recently, topical immune modulators have been used with some success. Understanding of the MCV genome is providing the basis for the development of drugs for therapy and prevention of MCV infections.

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Cited by 9 articles

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(2)  POXVIRUS. CHORDOPOXVIRIDAE.  ORTHOPOXVIRUS  VARV,  Variola virus, Small pox   smallpox in the Post-Eradication Era.
Meyer H, Ehmann R, Smith GL. Viruses. 2020 Jan 24;12(2):138. doi: 10.3390/v12020138. PMID: 31991671 Free PMC article. Review.
Widespread vaccination programmes led to the global eradication of smallpox, which was certified by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and, since 1978, there has been no case of smallpox anywhere in the world. However, the viable variola virus (VARV), the causativ …
 
(3) Tänä vuonna on tullut  ORTHOPOX-virus  MPXV, Monkeypoxvirus  tarttuvammaksi myös endeemisen alueen  Afrikan ulkopuolella. Sen aiheuttamaa  vaaraa selvitellään. Sitä pidetään zoonoottisena viruksena. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON385
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HIV-1 immuunivaiheessa ilmentyneet opportunistit. HIV-1 on edelleen pandeminen virus.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539787/ 

 

Tässä luettelossa ei mainita POXviruksia, mutta käytännössä esiintyy  Hiv-1 immuunivajeessa myös Molluscum contagiosum infektioita kirjallisuuden mukaan.  

HAKU:  HIV-1 AND POXvirus Molluscum contagiosum 

13 vastausta: Otan siaatin 

Molluscum contagiosum: recent advances in pathogenic mechanisms, and new therapies.
Smith KJ, Skelton H. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(8):535-45. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200203080-00004. PMID: 12358555 Review.
Two poxviruses, Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and Variola virus are specific to humans. ...Rupture and discharge of the virus-packed cells occurs in a process similar to membrane debris and MCV accumulate in the crater-like ostium; MCV infection is spread by con …
Rapid microtiter assays for poxvirus topoisomerase, mammalian type IB topoisomerase and HIV-1 integrase: application to inhibitor isolation.
Hwang Y, Rhodes D, Bushman F. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Dec 15;28(24):4884-92. doi: 10.1093/nar/28.24.4884. PMID: 11121479 Free PMC article.
These assays were used to screen compound libraries for inhibitors active against mammalian topoisomerase or HIV integrase. We identified (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O:-gallate, as a potent inhibitor of religation by mammalian topoisomerase (IC(50) of 26 nM), potentially explai …
Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum.
Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. J Cutan Med Surg. 2000 Apr;4(2):76-82. doi: 10.1177/120347540000400207. PMID: 11179929
BACKGROUND: Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that is a member of the family Poxviridae, and which has a worldwide distribution. ...Imiquimod appeared to be the most efficacious in patients with HIV-1 disease …
Clinical potential of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir in treatment of DNA virus and retrovirus infections.
De Clercq E. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Oct;16(4):569-96. doi: 10.1128/CMR.16.4.569-596.2003. PMID: 14557287 Free PMC article. Review.
The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates HPMPC (cidofovir), PMEA (adefovir), and PMPA (tenofovir) have proved to be effective in vitro (cell culture systems) and in vivo (animal models and clinical studies) against a wide variety of DNA virus and retrovirus infections: cidofovir again …
Molluscum contagiosum. Ultrastructural evidence for its presence in skin adjacent to clinical lesions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Military Medical Consortium for Applied Retroviral Research.
Smith KJ, Skelton HG 3rd, Yeager J, James WD, Wagner KF. Arch Dermatol. 1992 Feb;128(2):223-7. doi: 10.1001/archderm.128.2.223. PMID: 1739301
Both routine histopathologic examination and ultrastructural examination were performed in two patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and three non-HIV-1-infected patients. RESULTS: All patients showed histologic chan …
Prenylation of viral proteins by enzymes of the host: Virus-driven rationale for therapy with statins and FT/GGT1 inhibitors.
Marakasova ES, Eisenhaber B, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Baranova A. Bioessays. 2017 Oct;39(10). doi: 10.1002/bies.201700014. Epub 2017 Sep 8. PMID: 28885709 Review.
Using extensively validated high-confidence prenylation predictions by PrePS with a cut-off for experimentally confirmed farnesylation of hepatitis delta virus antigen, we compiled in silico evidence for several new prenylation candidates, including IRL9 (CMV) and few other prote …
Lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate, an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase active against HIV-1 virus in cell culture.
Reddy MV, Rao MR, Rhodes D, Hansen MS, Rubins K, Bushman FD, Venkateswarlu Y, Faulkner DJ. J Med Chem. 1999 Jun 3;42(11):1901-7. doi: 10.1021/jm9806650. PMID: 10354398
HIV-1 integrase is an attractive target for anti-retroviral chemotherapy, but to date no clinically useful inhibitors have been developed. ...Lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate also inhibited integration in vitro by authentic HIV-1 replication intermediates i …
Total synthesis and evaluation of lamellarin alpha 20-Sulfate analogues.
Ridley CP, Reddy MV, Rocha G, Bushman FD, Faulkner DJ. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Oct;10(10):3285-90. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00237-7. PMID: 12150874
Lamellarin alpha does not inhibit HIV-1 integrase but shows moderate cytotoxicity with good cell line selectivity. Lamellarin alpha 13,20-disulfate is a moderate inhibitor of both HIV-1 integrase and cancer cell lines. Lamellarin H is a more potent inh …
 
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Hypoteesi orthopox-viruksesta MPXV : Voisiko sekin olla opportunisti immunivajeessa kuten lähisukuinen chordopoxviruksiin myös kuuluva genus Molluxipoxvirus

 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361472/

Case Reports
. 1996 Feb;7(1):43-6.

Molluscum contagiosum, involving the upper eyelids, in a child infected with HIV-1

C A Peláez  1 , M D Gurbindo, C Cortés, M A Muñoz-Fernández
Affiliations
  • PMID: 11361472

Abstract

Background: Infection with molluscum contagiosum has been reported in pediatric and adult patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but rarely affecting eyelids. We have studied the viral phenotype, HIV-1 plasma viremia, p24 antigenemia, alterations of cellular immune function, and the ophthalmological status in a 5-year old human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected girl, who developed multiple molluscum lesions, bilaterally involving upper eyelids with extension over the face and nose.

Methods: Detailed ophthalmological examination and immunological and virological studies were performed in a pediatric patient with HIV-1 vertical infection having extensive infection with molluscum contagiosum.

Results: The pediatric patient was emetropic; tricomegalia was present bilaterally, and alteration of the microvessels of the conjunctiva (microangiopathy) was observable in both eyes and structural (fibrilar) degeneration of the vitreous architecture in both eyes. There was no ophthalmoscopic sign of infectious retinitis or retinal microangiopathy. She had lymphopenia, very low percentage and absolute number of CD4+ T cells but increased percentage of CD8+ T cells. The in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagluttinin (PHA) was depressed as compared to healthy controls. She had high levels of viral HIV RNA in her plasma and of p24 antigen in her serum, and the phenotype of the isolated HIV-1 was determined to be syncytium-inducing (SI).

Conclusion: Although healthy persons may develop molluscum contagiosum, usually unilateral, as far as we are aware this report is the first to document a case of molluscum contagiosum with bilateral eyelid involvement in an HIV-1-infected pediatric patient. Our observations suggest that this type of infection may be present in HIV-infected children, associated with high viral load and possibly an SI viral phenotype, severe immunoregulatory abnormalities, and poor clinical status.

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Omikronrekombinanttien joukkoon on tullut vielä lisää Y-rekombinantti. Linkki viime rekombinanteista XT, XU, XV, XW ja XY

 

XT South_Africa 100.0%2021-12-131212Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, South Africa lineage, from pango-designation issue #478
XU India 71.0%, Japan 14.0%, Australia 14.0% 2022-01-20 7 7 Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, lineage in India and other countries, from pango-designation issue #522
XV

42 0 Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, lineage in Denmark and Italy, from pango-designation issue #463
XW

48 0 Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, USA, Germany, England lineage, from pango-designation issue #591
XY

360Recombinant lineage of BA.1 and BA.2, predominantly in USA, from pango-designation issue #606
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måndag 23 maj 2022

Tarkistan Omicron BA.2 linjan PANGO-luetteloa. Listan hännänhuipuksi merkattu viisi päivää sitten on uusi linja BA.2.42

Omicron BA.2.42

https://github.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/issues/610

Australian BA.2 lineage with S:68T and N:E378D [100 seqs, 3% in Australia] #610

Closed
corneliusroemer opened this issue 15 days ago · 1 comment 
 Näitä sekvenssejä tuli Australiasta ja niissä osoittautui  olevan Spike-mutaatio I68T ja  N-proteiinin mutaatio E378D. Varianttia määrittelevä mutaatio  on nukleotidimuutos A29407T  ja N:E378D.. 

InfrPopGen commented 5 days ago

Thanks for submitting. We've added lineage BA.2.42 with 72 newly designated sequences, and 3 updated designations from BA.2. Defining mutation(s) A29407T (N:E378D).

Variantilla on todettu  stabiilia kasvuvauhtia. 

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Vielä jotain asiaa isorokkoviruksesta

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8458997_Perspective_Discovery_of_antivirals_against_smallpox

 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-selected-poxvirus-immunomodulators-and-regulators-of_fig2_8458997

 

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HAKU MPXV genome

( Löytöjä yli 130)

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Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution.
Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Viruses. 2020 Nov 5;12(11):1257. doi: 10.3390/v12111257. PMID: 33167496 Free PMC article. Review.
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) f …
Identification and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Monkeypox Virus Strain Isolated in Israel.
Cohen-Gihon I, Israeli O, Shifman O, Erez N, Melamed S, Paran N, Beth-Din A, Zvi A. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2020 Mar 5;9(10):e01524-19. doi: 10.1128/MRA.01524-19. PMID: 32139560 Free PMC article.
We report the whole-genome sequence of a monkeypox virus strain isolated in Israel. The strain was isolated in 2018 from a patient travelling back from West Africa. The virus was fully sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies Mi …
2.1.   Camelpox virus (CMLV) :https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/MRA.00671-19
Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus.
Gao J, Gigante C, Khmaladze E, Liu P, Tang S, Wilkins K, Zhao K, Davidson W, Nakazawa Y, Maghlakelidze G, Geleishvili M, Kokhreidze M, Carroll DS, Emerson G, Li Y. Viruses. 2018 May 12;10(5):252. doi: 10.3390/v10050252. PMID: 29757202 Free PMC article.
Annotated whole genome sequences of three isolates of the Akhmeta virus (AKMV), a novel species of orthopoxvirus (OPXV), isolated from the Akhmeta and Vani regions of the country Georgia, are presented and discussed. The AKMV genome is similar in genomic …
Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018.
Berthet N, Descorps-Declère S, Besombes C, Curaudeau M, Nkili Meyong AA, Selekon B, Labouba I, Gonofio EC, Ouilibona RS, Simo Tchetgna HD, Feher M, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, Manuguerra JC, Hassanin A, Gessain A, Nakoune E. Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 22;11(1):13085. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92315-8. PMID: 34158533 Free PMC article.
Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Re … 
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Figure 2
Phylogeny of monkeypox viruses (MPXV) based on complete genomes. The Bayesian tree was reconstructed using the GTR+G model. The two sequences used as outgroup are not shown. For each MPXV sequence, we indicated the accession number in GenBank, the geographic locality, the country, the code, and the year. The 10 MPXV genomes specially sequenced for this study are written in red. Branches with an asterisk were supported by maximal Bayesian posterior probability (PP = 1) and ML bootstrap proportions ≥ 95. The main clades were highlighted with different colours: West African clade (orange), Central African group I (blue), II (white), III (yellow), IV (green) and V (pink). For convenience, the size of longest branches shown in grey was reduced by five.
 
Zoonotic poxviruses.
Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Meyer H. Vet Microbiol. 2010 Jan 27;140(3-4):229-36. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.026. Epub 2009 Aug 26. PMID: 19828265 Review.
During the last two decades, reports on emerging human monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and North America, the increasing number of cowpox virus infections in cats, exotic animals and humans and cases of vaccinia virus infections in humans in South America and I …
Poxvirus tropism.
McFadden G. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 Mar;3(3):201-13. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1099. PMID: 15738948 Free PMC article. Review.
Despite the success of the WHO-led smallpox eradication programme a quarter of a century ago, there remains considerable fear that variola virus, or other related pathogenic poxviruses such as monkeypox, could re-emerge and spread disease in the human population. .. …Poxvirus tropism at the cellular level seems to be regulated by intracellular events downstream of virus binding and entry, rather than at the level of specific host receptors as is the case for many other viruses. This review summarizes our current understanding of poxvirus tropism and host range, and discusses the prospects of exploiting host-restricted poxvirus vectors for vaccines, gene therapy or tissue-targeted oncolytic viral therapies for the treatment of human cancers.
[Human monkeypox].
Chastel C. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2009 Mar;57(2):175-83. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.02.006. Epub 2008 Apr 3. PMID: 18394820 Review. French.
Unlike other recent viral emergences, which were in majority caused by RNA viruses, the monkeypox results from infection by a DNA virus, an orthopoxvirus (OPX)  closely related to both vaccine and smallpox viruses  and whose two genomic variants are known. ...This po …
Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins.
Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct;225:96-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x. PMID: 18837778 Free PMC article. Review.
However, in 2003, there was an outbreak in the United States, representing the first documented monkeypox cases in the Western hemisphere. Although monkeypox virus  (MPXV) is less fatal and not as transmissible as variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox …
A Genome-Wide Haploid Genetic Screen Identifies Heparan Sulfate-Associated Genes and the Macropinocytosis Modulator TMED10 as Factors Supporting Vaccinia Virus (VAXV)  Infection.
Luteijn RD, van Diemen F, Blomen VA, Boer IGJ, Manikam Sadasivam S, van Kuppevelt TH, Drexler I, Brummelkamp TR, Lebbink RJ, Wiertz EJ. J Virol. 2019 Jun 14;93(13):e02160-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02160-18. Print 2019 Jul 1. PMID: 30996093 Free PMC article.
We employed a genome-wide insertional mutagenesis approach in human haploid cells to identify host factors crucial for vaccinia virus infection. ...A number of these viruses are clinically important to humans, including variola virus (smallpox) and vaccinia …
Whole Genome Characterization of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) Abatino, a Zoonotic Virus Representing a Putative Novel Clade of Old World Orthopoxviruses.
Gruber CEM, Giombini E, Selleri M, Tausch SH, Andrusch A, Tyshaieva A, Cardeti G, Lorenzetti R, De Marco L, Carletti F, Nitsche A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Autorino GL, Castilletti C. Viruses. 2018 Oct 6;10(10):546. doi: 10.3390/v10100546. PMID: 30301229 Free PMC article.
Phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved OPV genes (core gene set) showed that OPV Abatino is most closely related to the Ectromelia virus species (ECTV), although placed on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree, bringing substantial support to the hypothesis that … Orthopoxviruses (OPVs) are diffused over the complete Eurasian continent, but previously described strains are mostly from northern Europe, and few infections have been reported from Italy. Here we present the extended genomic characterization of OPV Abatino, a novel OPV isolated in Italy from an infected Tonkean macaque, with zoonotic potential. Phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved OPV genes (core gene set) showed that OPV Abatino is most closely related to the Ectromelia virus species (ECTV), although placed on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree, bringing substantial support to the hypothesis that this strain may be part of a novel OPV clade. Extending the analysis to the entire set of genes (coding sequences, CDS) further substantiated this hypothesis. In fact the genome of OPV Abatino included more CDS than ECTV; most of the extra genes (mainly located in the terminal genome regions), showed the highest similarity with cowpox virus (CPXV); however vaccinia virus (VACV) and monkeypox virus (MPXV) were the closest OPV for certain CDS. These findings suggest that OPV Abatino could be the result of complex evolutionary events, diverging from any other previously described OPV, and may indicate that previously reported cases in Italy could represent the tip of the iceberg yet to be explored.
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