Päivityksiä huolestuttavista ja seurattavista Sars-2 virusmutanteista (VOC ja VOI)

Updates on VOCs & VOIs

COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Updates

SARS-CoV-2 Variants, 31 December 2020

SARS-CoV-2 Variant – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 21 December 2020

SARS-CoV-2 mink-associated variant strain – Denmark, 3 December 2020

 

 

Sars-2 varianttien seurannasta ja nimityksestä

 https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/

Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants

 

All viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, change over time. Most changes have little to no impact on the virus’ properties. However, some changes may affect the virus’s properties, such as how easily it spreads, the associated disease severity, or the performance of vaccines, therapeutic medicines, diagnostic tools, or other public health and social measures. 

WHO, in collaboration with partners, expert networks, national authorities, institutions and researchers have been monitoring and assessing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 since January 2020. During late 2020, the emergence of variants that posed an increased risk to global public health prompted the characterisation of specific Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs), in order to prioritise global monitoring and research, and ultimately to inform the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic.  

WHO and its international networks of experts are monitoring changes to the virus so that if significant mutations are identified, we can inform countries and the public about any changes needed to react to the variant, and prevent its spread. Globally, systems have been established and are being strengthened to detect “signals” of potential VOIs or VOCs and assess these based on the risk posed to global public health. National authorities may choose to designate other variants of local interest/concern. 

Current strategies and measures recommended by WHO continue to work against virus variants identified since the start of the pandemic. 

Naming SARS-CoV-2 variants

The established nomenclature systems for naming and tracking SARS-CoV-2 genetic lineages by GISAID, Nextstrain and Pango are currently and will remain in use by scientists and in scientific research. To assist with public discussions of variants, WHO convened a group of scientists from the WHO Virus Evolution Working Group, the WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory network, representatives from GISAID, Nextstrain, Pango and additional experts in virological, microbial nomenclature and communication from several countries and agencies to consider easy-to-pronounce and non-stigmatising labels for VOI and VOC. At the present time, this expert group convened by WHO has recommended using labeled using letters of the Greek Alphabet, i.e., Alpha, Beta, Gamma, which will be easier and more practical to discussed by non-scientific audiences. 

 

SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Variants of Interest, updated 15 June 2021

Variants of Concern 

A SARS-CoV-2 variant that meets the definition of a VOI (see below) and, through a comparative assessment, has been demonstrated to be associated with one or more of the following changes at a degree of global public health significance: 

• Increase in transmissibility or detrimental change in COVID-19 epidemiology; or 
• Increase in virulence or change in clinical disease presentation; or 
• Decrease in effectiveness of public health and social measures or available diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics.  

WHO label	Pango   lineage	GISAID clade/lineage	Nextstrain   clade	Earliest documented   samples	Date of designation
Alpha	B.1.1.7	GRY (formerly GR/501Y.V1)	20I (V1)	United Kingdom,   Sep-2020	18-Dec-2020
Beta	B.1.351	GH/501Y.V2	20H (V2)	South Africa,   May-2020	18-Dec-2020
Gamma	P.1	GR/501Y.V3	20J (V3)	Brazil,   Nov-2020	11-Jan-2021
Delta	B.1.617.2	G/478K.V1	21A	India,   Oct-2020	VOI: 4-Apr-2021  VOC: 11-May-2021

 

Variants of Interest 

 

WHO label	Pango   lineage	GISAID clade/lineage	Nextstrain   clade	Earliest documented   samples	Date of designation
Epsilon	B.1.427/B.1.429	GH/452R.V1	21C	United States of America,    Mar-2020	5-Mar-2021
Zeta	P.2	GR/484K.V2	20B/S.484K	Brazil,   Apr-2020	17-Mar-2021
Eta	B.1.525	G/484K.V3	21D	Multiple countries,  Dec-2020	17-Mar-2021
Theta	P.3	GR/1092K.V1	21E	Philippines,   Jan-2021	24-Mar-2021
Iota	B.1.526	GH/253G.V1	21F	United States of America,   Nov-2020	24-Mar-2021
Kappa	B.1.617.1	G/452R.V3	21B	India,   Oct-2020	4-Apr-2021
Lambda	C.37	GR/452Q.V1	20D	Peru, Dec-2020	14-Jun-2021

A SARS-CoV-2 isolate is a Variant of Interest (VOI) if, compared to a reference isolate, its genome has mutations with established or suspected phenotypic implications, and either:  

• has been identified to cause community transmission/multiple COVID-19 cases/clusters, or has been detected in multiple countries; OR  
• is otherwise assessed to be a VOI by WHO in consultation with the WHO SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution Working Group. 

SARS-2 virusvarianttien aikakautta

KEYS POINTS

( sitaatti tehty 23.6. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html

• Genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been emerging and circulating around the world throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Viral mutations and variants in the United States are routinely monitored through sequence-based surveillance, laboratory studies, and epidemiological investigations.
• A US government interagency group developed a Variant Classification scheme that defines three classes of SARS-CoV-2 variants:
  • Variant of Interest
  • Variant of Concern
  • Variant of High Consequence
• The B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), B.1.427 (Epsilon), B.1.429 (Epsilon), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants circulating in the United States are classified as variants of concern.
• To date, no variants of high consequence have been identified in the United States.
• Laboratory studies suggest specific monoclonal antibody treatments may be less effective for treating cases of COVID-19 caused by variants with certain substitutions or combinations of substitutions in the spike protein.
  • L452R is present in B.1.526.1, B.1.427 (Epsilon), and B.1.429 (Epsilon) lineages, as well as the B.1.617 (Kappa, Delta) lineages and sub-lineages.
  • E484K is present in B.1.525 (Eta), P.2 (Zeta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.351 (Beta), but only some strains of B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha).
  • The combination of K417N, E484K, and N501Y substitutions is present in B.1.351 (Beta).
  • The combination of K417T, E484K, and N501Y substitutions is present in P.1 (Gamma).

Viruses constantly change through mutation. A variant has one or more mutations that differentiate it from other variants in circulation. As expected, multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been documented in the United States and globally throughout this pandemic. To inform local outbreak investigations and understand national trends, scientists compare genetic differences between viruses to identify variants and how they are related to each other.

Variant classifications

The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) established a SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group (SIG) to improve coordination among the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and Department of Defense (DoD). This interagency group is focused on the rapid characterization of emerging variants and actively monitors their potential impact on critical SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures, including vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics.

• Variants of Interest (VOI) –  View current VOI in the United States that are being monitored and characterized

• Variants of Concern (VOC) – View current VOC in the United States that are being closely monitored and characterized by federal agencies

• Variants of High Consequence (VOHC) – Currently there are no SARS-CoV-2 variants that rise to the level of high consequence

Variant of Interest

A variant with specific genetic markers that have been associated with changes to receptor binding, reduced neutralization by antibodies generated against previous infection or vaccination, reduced efficacy of treatments, potential diagnostic impact, or predicted increase in transmissibility or disease severity.

Possible attributes of a variant of interest:

• Specific genetic markers that are predicted to affect transmission, diagnostics, therapeutics, or immune escape
• Evidence that it is the cause of an increased proportion of cases or unique outbreak clusters
• Limited prevalence or expansion in the US or in other countries

A variant of interest might require one or more appropriate public health actions, including enhanced sequence surveillance, enhanced laboratory characterization, or epidemiological investigations to assess how easily the virus spreads to others, the severity of disease, the efficacy of therapeutics and whether currently authorized vaccines offer protection.

Current variants of interest in the United States that are being monitored and characterized are listed in the table below. The table will be updated when a new variant of interest is identified.

Selected Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest

B.1.525 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: A67V, 69del, 70del, 144del, E484K, D614G, Q677H, F888L

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20A/S:484K

WHO Label: Eta

First Identified: United Kingdom/Nigeria – December 2020

Attributes:

• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Potential reduction in neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ²²

B.1.526 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: (L5F*), T95I, D253G, (S477N*), (E484K*), D614G, (A701V*)

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20C/S:484K

WHO Label: Iota

First Identified: United States (New York) – November 2020

BEI Reference Isolate^c: NR-55359external icon

Attributes:

• Reduced susceptibility to the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab monoclonal antibody treatment; however, the clinical implications of this are not known.⁷ Alternative monoclonal antibody treatments are available.¹⁴
• Reduced neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ^{22, 24}

B.1.526.1 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: D80G, 144del, F157S, L452R, D614G, (T791I*), (T859N*), D950H

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20C

First Identified: United States (New York) – October 2020

Attributes:

• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Potential reduction in neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera²²

B.1.617 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: L452R, E484Q, D614G

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20A

First Identified: India – February 2021

Attributes:

• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Reduced neutralization by post-vaccination sera ^{25, 26}

B.1.617.1 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: (T95I), G142D, E154K, L452R, E484Q, D614G, P681R, Q1071H

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20A/S:154K

WHO Label: Kappa

First Identified: India – December 2020

Attributes:

• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Potential reduction in neutralization by post-vaccination sera ²⁶

B.1.617.3 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: T19R, G142D, L452R, E484Q, D614G, P681R, D950N

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20A

First Identified: India – October 2020

Attributes:

• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Potential reduction in neutralization by post-vaccination sera ²⁶

P.2 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: E484K, (F565L*), D614G, V1176F

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20J

WHO Label: Zeta

First Identified: Brazil – April 2020

Attributes:

• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Reduced neutralization by post-vaccination sera ^{22, 23}

 

(*) = detected in some sequences but not all

a – Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak (PANGO) Lineages is software tool developed by members of the Rambaut Lab. The associated web application was developed by the Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance in South Cambridgeshire and is intended to implement the dynamic nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 lineages, known as the PANGO nomenclature.

b – Nextstrain, a collaboration between researchers in Seattle, USA and Basel, Switzerland, provides open-source tools for visualizing the genetics of outbreaks. The goal is to support public health surveillance by facilitating understanding of the spread and evolution of pathogens.

c – The Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources (BEI Resources) is a NIAID-funded repository to provide reagents, tools, and information to the research community. The reference viruses proposed here facilitate the harmonization of information among all stakeholders in the COVID-19 pandemic research community. Please note that the reference viruses provided in the tables below are based on what is currently available through the BEI Resources.

 

Variant of Concern

A variant for which there is evidence of an increase in transmissibility, more severe disease (e.g.,  increased hospitalizations or deaths), significant reduction in neutralization by antibodies generated during previous infection or vaccination, reduced effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, or diagnostic detection failures.

Possible attributes of a variant of concern:

In addition to the possible attributes of a variant of interest

• Evidence of impact on diagnostics, treatments, or vaccines
  • Widespread interference with diagnostic test targets
  • Evidence of substantially decreased susceptibility to one or more class of therapies
  • Evidence of significant decreased neutralization by antibodies generated during previous infection or vaccination
  • Evidence of reduced vaccine-induced protection from severe disease
• Evidence of increased transmissibility
• Evidence of increased disease severity

Variants of concern might require one or more appropriate public health actions, such as notification to WHO under the International Health Regulations, reporting to CDC, local or regional efforts to control spread, increased testing, or research to determine the effectiveness of vaccines and treatments against the variant. Based on the characteristics of the variant, additional considerations may include the development of new diagnostics or the modification of vaccines or treatments.

Current variants of concern in the United States that are being closely monitored and characterized by federal agencies are included in the table below. The table will be updated when a new variant of concern is identified.

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Selected Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern

B.1.1.7 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: 69del, 70del, 144del, (E484K*), (S494P*), N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H (K1191N*)

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20I/501Y.V1

WHO Label: Alpha

First Identified: United Kingdom

BEI Reference Isolate^c: NR-54000external icon

Attributes:

• ~50% increased transmission ⁵
• Potential increased severity based on hospitalizations and case fatality rates ⁶
• No impact on susceptibility to EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^7,14
• Minimal impact on neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ^{8,9,10,11,12,13,19}

B.1.351 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: D80A, D215G, 241del, 242del, 243del, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G, A701V

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20H/501.V2

WHO Label: Beta

First Identified: South Africa

BEI Reference Isolate^c: NR-55282external icon

Attributes:

• ~50% increased transmission¹⁶
• Significantly reduced susceptibility to the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab monoclonal antibody treatment,⁷ but other EUA monoclonal antibody treatments are available ¹⁴
• Reduced neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ^{8,12,18,19,20}

B.1.427 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: L452R, D614G

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20C/S:452R

WHO Label: Epsilon

First Identified: United States-(California)

Attributes:

• ~20% increased transmission ²¹
• Modest decrease in susceptibility to the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab; however, the clinical implications of this decrease are not known.⁷ Alternative monoclonal antibody treatments are available.¹⁴
• Reduced neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ²¹

B.1.429 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: S13I, W152C, L452R, D614G

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20C/S:452R

WHO Label: Epsilon

First Identified: United States-(California)

Attributes:

• ~20% increased transmission ²¹
• Reduced susceptibility to the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab; however, the clinical implications of this decrease are not known.⁷ Alternative monoclonal antibody treatments are available.¹⁴
• Reduced neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ²¹

B.1.617.2 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: T19R, (G142D*), 156del, 157del, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, D950N

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20A/S:478K

WHO Label: Delta

First Identified: India

Attributes:

• Increased transmissibility²⁹
• Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments ^{7, 14}
• Potential reduction in neutralization by post-vaccination sera ²¹

P.1 (Pango lineageexternal icon)^a

Spike Protein Substitutions: L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, R190S, K417T, E484K, N501Y, D614G, H655Y, T1027I

Name (Nextstrainexternal icon)^b: 20J/501Y.V3

WHO Label: Gamma

First Identified: Japan/Brazil

BEI Reference Isolate^c: NR-54982external icon

Attributes:

• Significantly reduced susceptibility to the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab monoclonal antibody treatment,⁷ but other EUA monoclonal antibody treatments are available ¹⁴
• Reduced neutralization by convalescent and post-vaccination sera ¹⁵

Variant of High Consequence

A variant of high consequence has clear evidence that prevention measures or medical countermeasures (MCMs) have significantly reduced effectiveness relative to previously circulating variants.

Possible attributes of a variant of high consequence:

In addition to the possible attributes of a variant of concern

• Impact on Medical Countermeasures (MCM)
  • Demonstrated failure of diagnostics
  • Evidence to suggest a significantly reduction in vaccine effectiveness, a disproportionately high number of vaccine breakthrough cases, or very low vaccine-induced protection against severe disease
  • Significantly reduced susceptibility to multiple Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) or approved therapeutics
  • More severe clinical disease and increased hospitalizations

A variant of high consequence would require notification to WHO under the International Health Regulations, reporting to CDC, an announcement of strategies to prevent or contain transmission, and recommendations to update treatments and vaccines.

Currently there are no SARS-CoV-2 variants that rise to the level of high consequence.

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Treatment considerations for healthcare providers

Substitutions of Concern for SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Therapies

In the United States, there are three anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody treatments with FDA Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the treatment of COVID-19: bamlanivimab plus etesevimabexternal icon, casirivimab plus imdevimab,external icon, and sotrovimabexternal icon.

CDC’s national genomic surveillance program identifies new and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants to determine implications for COVID-19 diagnostics, treatments, or vaccines authorized for use in the United States. Sequences with similar genetic changes are grouped into lineages, and multiple lineages can have the same substitutions. For example, the E484K substitution is found in lineages B.1.351, P.1, B.1.526, and many others. Genomic surveillance efforts provide the capability to detect viruses that have reduced susceptibility to treatments more quickly.

In laboratory studies, SARS-CoV-2 variants that contain certain substitutions in the spike protein cause a marked reduction in susceptibility to bamlanivimab and may have reduced sensitivity to etesevimab and casirivimab. The L452R substitution found in the B.1.427 and B.1.429 lineages has been shown to cause a significant reduction in susceptibility to bamlanivimab and a modest decrease in susceptibility to the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab, although the clinical implications of this modest decrease are not known. ⁷ The E484K substitution found in the B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.526 lineages also results in a marked reduction in susceptibility to bamlanivimab, as well as the combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab.⁷  Laboratory studies also suggest that the K417N and K417T substitutions, which are present in the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, respectively, along with the E484K mutation, reduces virus susceptibility to casirivimab, although the combination of casirivimab and imdevimab appears to retain activity.¹⁴ There is no reported reduction in susceptibility of variants to sotrovimab.²⁸

The table below shows the national and regional unweighted proportions of SARS-CoV-2 that contain the L452R or E484K substitution, individually, as well as the unweighted proportions of SARS-CoV-2 that contain the combination of K417N, E484K, and N501Y substitutions or the combination of K417T, E484K, and N501Y substitutions. As new data become available, additional substitutions may be added to the table below. The national and regional proportions provided in the table below will be updated weekly.

Resources

Monoclonal Antibody COVID-19 Infusionexternal icon

Statement on Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies EUA | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (nih.gov)external icon

Koronavirusrokotusten aikaa.

 Kun  tiedot koronavirus Sars-2:n genomista alkoivat tulla, katselin sitä rakeennetta geeni geeniltä  2020 vuoden aikana, mutta  kun  etsi erilaisiaterapiamuotoja  viruksen moninaista  työkaluarsenaalia  vastaan , huomaa lopulta , että lähtökohta  tiedon hankkimiseen pitää sittenkin  keskittää  rokotuksen kehittelyn ja  rokotekohteen etsintään.  Tähän taan olennaisesti liittyy  ajan mittaan tulevien  virusvarianttien  tutkiminen ja niitä koskevien artikkeleiden löytäminen.  Nyt kun rokotteistakin alkaa seuloutua  tehokkaimpia  ja relevanteimpia esiin, eri  kansat  koettavat hankkia  kukin mahdollisuuksiensa mukaan rokotesuojaa.  Sain  oman  mRNA- perusteisen  rokotteeni Ruotsin puolella  viime kuun alkupäivinä ja  toisen anoksen tulen saamaan juhannuksen aikoihin. Tämä on sitä Pfizerin rokotetta. 

COVAX- ohjelmassa koetetaan saada  kaikille valtioille 20%:inen  rokotekattavuus.  Skandinaviassa lienee nyt rokotettujen määrät  ainakin  40% ellei jo ylikin.  

Nyt viime päivinä olen katsellut  varianttien luokittelua VOC, VOI, VUI,  VHC. Very High Concern- ryhmään ei tällä hetkellä lueta  mitään nykyvarianteista.  Vaikutavimmat VOC- ryhmäläiset  on alettu nietä kreikkalaisin krijaimin Alfa,Beta, Gamma ja Delta. Lisäksi on  tarkkailtavien  variantein joukossa  epsilonista Kappaan asti merkattuja  linjoja. 

thl.fi  ja CDC  antavat  tarkkoja luetteloja näistä varianteista

Varianttien nimityksistä  PANGOLIN järjestelmässä on pitkä luettelonsa joista  osa  on jo hiipuneita variantteja.  Tällaisen listan löytin tänään.https://gifhub.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/blob/master/lineage-notes.txt

https://github.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/blob/master/lineage_notes.txt

Sitten  löysin erään varianttipuun, jossa A =  The Root of the pandemic. Etsin yhden variantin merkitystä, ja  näin löysin Brasilialaisten VOC varianttien  kaavakuvan ja puun. Brasiliassa on ollutkovin  suuri kuolemanaalto. Myös Venäällä on nyt menossa    paha kuolemanaalto  pandemiasta. 

 

www.isbtweb.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Silvano_Wendel_SARS-CoV-2_Variants_in_Brazil_TTID_meeting_SW_Final_Mar_2021.pdf

Monissa maissa on  parin kolmen aallon jälkeistä   rauhallisempaa vaihetta kuten  nyt Skandinaviassa ,jossa eräitä rajoittavia sääntöjä jo voidaan  asteittan helpottaa. Yhteiskunnan liikkuvuus ja ekonomiset rattaat alkavat pikku hiljaa normalisoitua.

Olen ollut pitkiä  ajanjaksoja  näinä pandemian päivinä Tanskan puolellatyttäreni ja tyttärentyttäreni luona.Hil

jaiseloa. Maskin käyttöä ulkona kaupassa käydessä tai  tarhaan  lasta viedessä. Emme ole  olleet missään erityisessä  monipäisten joukkojen tilaisuuksissa pandemian aikana. Joulukirkossa käytiin  Tanskan suomalaisten kanssa.

Suomessa on muokattu Tartuntatautilakia ja uusi laki asettuu voimaan tänään 22.2. 2021.

H5N8 A-influenssaviruksen alaluokan lintuvirus tarttunut kanoista ihmiseen Venäjällä

 Tätä lintuvirusta esiintyy monin paikoin eri maissa,esim Tanskassa. Nyt on tulut TIETO VENÄJÄLTÄ, että  siipikarjasta on tarttunut ihmisiin ( n=7)  tätä virusta. 

Otan esiin netistä  tietoja edellisistä purkauksista ja  H5N8 viruksen luonteesta. 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037296/

Voi olla , että rokote tulee olemaan tässäkin paras keino jos pandemia tulee. Saattaa olla resistenssiäperinteisille  influenssaviruslääkkeille.

Muistiin 22.2. 2021. 

Ps.  nyt kun on coronaviruspandemia ja kolmatta aaltoa ollaan odottamassa, kirjoitan  covid-19 ja Satrs-2  asiasta vain Facebookiin   uutisvirtaan. Vaikka saattaisi olla hyvä ottaa tietoja talteen myös tähän blogiin.

INO1 entsyymi. Inositolin synteesi linkkiytynee galaktoosin metaboliaan.

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788023/

 

 

Ihmisellä  geeni tunnetaan nimellä ISYNA1, sijainti19p13.11. 

Tämä on inositolia sisältävien yhdisteiden  metaboliassa tahtia rajoittava  entsyymi. Sen tehtävät on konvertoida glukoosi-6-fosfaattia myoinositoli-1-fosfaatiksi  (MIP) , siitä taas impaasi-entsyymit voivat  saada aikaan   myoinositolia mI. Sanon tätäsokeria "haisokeriksi"!. Hai käyttää tätä sokeria energiansa  kehittämiseen. Myös ihmisaivojen   harmaissa soluissa on inositolilipidien   kehittämää energia järjestelmää .  Glukoosin aueella toimii  ATP ja GTP, galaktoosin alueella UTP ja tämä  inositoli  alkaa CTP alueella synteesejään.  mutta   metabolinen tie yhtyy lopulta  jälleen ATP ja GTP  teihin, joitten  toimintaa   tämä  vahvistaa.