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måndag 8 september 2025

Mitä koronarokotetta käyttetään nykyään koronavirusinfektiota vastaan

 

Koronarokotteet

Päivitetty 28.8.2025

Koronarokotteet ehkäisevät SARS-CoV-2-viruksen aiheuttamaa vakavaa tautia ja kuolemia. 
Mikä on koronavirus?

Mistä ja milloin rokotteen saa? Miten varaan ajan?

Jos kuulut THL:n koronarokotteen suosituksen kohderyhmiin, saat rokotteen omalta hyvinvointialueeltasi.  Voit katsoa ohjeita ajanvaraukseen oman hyvinvointialueesi verkkosivuilta. THL:n sivuilta ei voi varata rokotusaikaa.
Katso, kenelle koronarokotusta suositellaan:

Jos sinulle ei tarjota maksutonta koronarokotetta, voit ostaa rokotteen apteekista tai yksityiseltä palveluntuottajalta lääkärin määräyksellä. THL antaa suosituksia vain julkisen sektorin tarjoamista koronarokotteista.

Tällä sivulla

Heureka! H5- antigeenia vastaan on rokotetta saatavilla Suomessa siipikarjan kanssa työtä tekeville

 Onpa hyvä asia,että H5 antigeeni on pyydystetty hyötykäyttöön. 

 

Lintuinfluenssarokotteita tarjotaan vielä syyskuun loppuun saakka

Julkaisuajankohta 21.8.2025

Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL) suosittelee lintuinfluenssarokotuksia siipikarjan ja muiden lintujen sekä turkiseläinten parissa työskenteleville. Rokotteita on saatavilla hyvinvointialueilla vielä syyskuun loppuun saakka.

Lintuinfluenssa on influenssa A -viruksen aiheuttama tauti. Sitä esiintyy erityisesti luonnonvaraisilla linnuilla, joista se voi tarttua esimerkiksi turkiseläimiin ja siipikarjaan. Ihmiseen lintuinfluenssavirus ei tartu helposti, mutta voi tarttuessaan aiheuttaa vakavan taudin.

Tautisuojaus- ja hygieniatoimet siipikarjatiloilla- ja turkistarhoilla ovat tärkeitä lintuinfluenssan torjunnassa, mutta tautia vastaan on myös rokote.

H5-alatyypin lintuinfluenssarokotuksia tarjotaan taudin kohonneessa riskissä oleville Suomessa vielä syyskuun loppuun saakka. Heitä ovat muun muassa turkistarhoilla, siipikarjatiloilla ja lintuhoitoloissa työskentelevät sekä lintujen rengastajat ja harrastekanaloiden pitäjät.

Hyvinvointialueet vastaavat rokotusten järjestämisestä. Lintuinfluenssarokotussarjaan kuuluu kaksi rokotetta, jotka tulisi ottaa vähintään kolmen viikon välein. Rokotusten saamiseksi kannattaa olla pikaisesti yhteydessä lähimpään terveysasemaan.

”Rokotteet kannattaa ilman muuta vielä ottaa, jos kuuluu kohderyhmään. Ne tarjoavat suojaa tällä hetkellä kiertäviä H5N1-lintuinfluenssaviruksia vastaan. Lisäksi rokote voi tuottaa pitkäaikaista suojaa eri H5-alatyypin lintuinfluenssaviruksia vastaan”, sanoo THL:n ylilääkäri Hanna Nohynek. 

Rokottamisella pyritään myös estämään lintuinfluenssaviruksen muuntumista virukseksi, joka tarttuu helposti ihmiseen ja ihmisestä toiseen. Monet influenssapandemiat ovat syntyneet muuntuneista influenssaviruksista.

On mahdollista, että lintuinfluenssarokotuksia jatketaan tulevaisuudessa. Asia on parhaillaan selvityksessä THL:ssä, Euroopan tautienehkäisy- ja valvontakeskus ECDC:ssä ja Maailman terveysjärjestö WHO:ssa.

Lintuinfluenssatapauksia on todettu maailmalla runsaasti luonnonvaraisissa ja tarhatuissa linnuissa, Suomen tilanne rauhallinen

Maailmalla lintuinfluenssatapauksia on todettu tänä ja viime vuonna runsaasti luonnonvaraisissa linnuissa sekä siipi- ja nautakarjatiloilla. Taudinpurkauksien aikana tartunnan saaneiden eläinten kanssa kosketuksissa olleet ihmiset ovat altistuneet virukselle, ja ihmisten tautitapaukset ovat lisääntyneet.

Vuonna 2023 korkeapatogeeninen lintuinfluenssavirus (H5N1) aiheutti taudinpurkauksia turkistarhoilla Suomessa. Tänä vuonna Suomessa on todettu tautitapauksia luonnonvaraisilla linnuilla sekä muutama tautitapaus saukoilla ja ketuilla. Ihmisillä ei ole toistaiseksi tavattu yhtään tautitapausta Suomessa.

Sars-2 Cov varianteissa on muutamia voitokkaita versioita vielä esiintymässä XFG ja NB.1.8.1

 https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/variants?n=c

Muutamia kymmeniä segmenttejä näyttää saadun Pohjoismaistakin.  Jätevesitutkimusten perusteella otsikossa mainittojen esiintyminen  voitaa aiempia variantteja. joitten esiintymät vähenevät  yhteensä  yhden prosentin luokkaan. XFG ilmenee 67% ssa näytteistä ja NB.1.8.1 esiintyy  22%:ssa. 

Arvioidaan että niiden aiheuttamassa Covid-19 taudissa on samanlaisia oireita kuin ennenkin  eikä varsinaisia uusia sairauden ilmenemän muotoja ole havaittu.  Ei ole varmoja, auttaako entinen rokotus, sillä on havaittu  neljä  uutta spike- mutaatiota, kahdesta ei tarkemmin tiedetä   vaikutuksia muta kahdella on kliinistä merkitystä. Toinen vaikuttaa immuunievaasiota ja toinen viruksen tiukempaa tarttumistareseptoriinsa.   On mahdollista että vielä tehdään uusi boosteri. Pitää seurata  tilannetta edelleen, ettei  pääse isompaa aaltoa ponnahtamaan huomaamatta. 

onsdag 30 juli 2025

Uuden HPAIV H5N1 viruksen tutkimuksista

 

doi: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2532684. Epub 2025 Jul 25.

Emerging highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza triggers fibrotic remodeling in human airway organoids

Affiliations

The unpredictable evolution of IAVs makes future pandemics inevitable, highlighting the urgent need for preparedness to mitigate health, social, and economic impacts. H5N1 cases were first described in Hong Kong in 1997 when birds died from an outbreak of the disease, propagating to humans later in the same year [Citation33,Citation34]. Since the resurgence of H5N1 in 2002–2003, global efforts have been intensified to prevent its spread. The emergence of HPh/b-TX H5N1 represents a significant zoonotic threat, with its origin linked to infected dairy cows with highly pathogenic H5N1 from the clade 2.3.4.4b [Citation35]. This outbreak underscores the risk of cross-species transmission as the virus has spread within poultry, cattle, and humans, posing a significant public health threat [Citation36].

Infections with H5N1 cause severe pneumonia that can progress to lung fibrosis and respiratory failure [Citation31,Citation32]. While current FDA-approved antivirals reduce viral loads [Citation37], these antivirals are often ineffective in preventing lung injury and fibrosis, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting host responses. To better understand viral replication and pathogenesis, we employed HAO, a physiologically relevant model that recapitulates key aspects of the human lung environment.

We infected HAO with either rHPh-TX H5N1 or rHPb-TX H5N1 at MOI of 0.01 to assess viral replication efficiency. Our findings demonstrate that rHPh-TX H5N1 replicates more efficiently in HAO, serving as a surrogate for human airway epithelial tissues, compared to rHPb-TX H5N1. 

The elevated levels of infectious rHPh-TX H5N1 particles detected in secreted mucus indicate a greater degree of viral adaptation to the human airway epithelium. This efficient replication and shedding into mucus may facilitate aerosolization and increase the potential for person-to-person transmission. Additionally, the robust replication of rHPh-TX H5N1 in HAO was associated with a markedly strong induction of the IFN response, reflecting heightened host recognition and immune activation. 

Typically, H5N1 infection activates the RIG-I/MAVS signalling pathway, leading to IRF3 and NF-κB activation, which drives IFN-β production and ISG15 expression [Citation38–40]. 

 Our data show that rHPh-TX H5N1 induces IRF3 and NF-κB expression, which increase IFN-β and ISG15 levels. While ISG15 contributes to antiviral defense, its dual role in immune regulation can either enhance or suppress IRF3/NF-κB signalling, potentially influencing disease severity. 

In severe cases, H5N1 evades IFN pathways, leading to excessive NF-κB-driven inflammation (cytokine storm) and impaired IRF3-mediated responses, exacerbating lung damage [Citation41–43].

 Cytokine profiling of infected HAO revealed that rHPh-TX H5N1 induced elevated IL-6, IL-1β, TNF, CCL5, and IP-10 (CXCL10) levels

While these cytokines aid in viral clearance, prolonged inflammation may contribute to tissue injury and fibrosis (e.g. cytokine storm-induced lung injury).

Given the robust inflammatory response induced by rHPh-TX H5N1, we investigated its role in airway fibrogenesis during prolonged infection with rHPh-TX H5N1 compared to seasonal pH1N1. Our results indicate that prolonged infection of HAO with rHPh-TX H5N1 and pH1N1 induced fibroblast-like cells surrounding the infected area, associated with high cytokine response and α-SMA expression, indicating fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. 

It has been reported that H1N1 infections can rapidly progress to ARDS and contribute to pulmonary fibrosis [Citation25]. 

 Furthermore, severe IAV infections are associated with higher levels of TGF-β, indicating a relationship between disease severity and IAV-induced pulmonary fibrosis [Citation44]. This agrees with our findings showing that the rHPh-TX H5N1 infection induces higher TGF-β and ECM-associated gene expression than pH1N1. As such, the increased fibroblast activity in post-inflammatory repair pathways, with a pivotal role played by TGF-β and ECM, seems to be linked to IAV-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

We hypothesize that the EMT process plays a prominent role in fibrogenesis. During the EMT process, epithelial cells lose cell–cell attachment, polarity, and epithelial-specific markers, undergo cytoskeletal remodelling, and gain a mesenchymal phenotype [Citation45].

 Our results indicate that rHPh-TX H5N1 infection induces more pronounced EMT and ECM remodelling than pH1N1, as evidenced by the significantly higher upregulation of TGF-β and ECM-associated genes. We also observed the spindle shape of fibroblasts with intensive expression of α-SMA. In this regard, activated fibroblasts are described as spindle or stellate morphology cells with intracytoplasmic stress fibres, a contractile phenotype, expression of various mesenchymal markers such as α-SMA, and collagen production [Citation27].

We also observed that at 10-DPI, pro-inflammatory (TNF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-β) mediators were upregulated, along with ECM components (FN, COL1A, COL3A, MMP2, and MMP9).

 Importantly, the upregulation of FN expression allows microbes to adhere to epithelial surfaces and contributes to the virulence of secondary bacterial infections [Citation46,Citation47]. 

Collectively, these factors contribute to a feedback loop of persistent lung damage and fibrosis [Citation26], emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to disrupt these pathways.

 Our data showed that the ROCK pathway affects fibroblast foci formation and ECM deposition. The ROCK1 and ROCK2 pathways are key regulators of fibrosis with distinct roles in tissue remodeling [Citation20]. Our results indicate that the inhibition of ROCK1 activity significantly reduced fibroblast foci formation and ECM deposition, whereas ROCK2 inhibition had a lesser effect. This suggests a dominant role for ROCK1 in airway fibrosis during H5N1 infection.

 Previous studies described the capacity of antifibrotic agents such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, FDA-approved to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), to reduce fibrosis through inhibiting key cytokines, including TGF-β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [Citation48,Citation49]. Thus, unravelling the mechanisms of the ROCK signalling pathway in IAV-induced fibrogenesis may be essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat viral-induced pulmonary fibrosis, ultimately mitigating its long-term impact on respiratory health.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the profibrotic response triggered by the highly pathogenic HPh-TX H5N1 strain in human airway organoids. Our organoid model recapitulates the structural and functional complexity of the human airway epithelium, including multicellular composition and differentiation markers that are absent in traditional immortalized cell lines [Citation50]. Unlike animal models, this system provides a controlled, human-specific platform to study early epithelial responses to viral infection [Citation51].

 The novelty of our approach is further underscored by using a recent zoonotic H5N1 isolate (HPh-TX H5N1), associated with the 2024 human and bovine outbreaks in the U.S., which has not previously been evaluated in this context.

 While our study provides insights into H5N1 pathogenesis and triggering fibrogenesis, it also has limitations. Though physiologically relevant, the HAO model does not fully recapitulate in vivo immune responses or systemic factors that promote disease progression. HAO lacks immune cell components, limiting its ability to model immune cell recruitment and systemic cytokine amplification. While our findings demonstrate strong epithelial-intrinsic responses to rHPh-TX H5N1, they may underestimate the full extent of cytokine storm observed in vivo

 Future studies should evaluate the therapeutic potential of ROCK1 inhibitors in preclinical models of IAV-induced lung injury and fibrosis. Investigating the molecular links between IFN signalling, inflammation, and fibrotic remodelling will uncover additional therapeutic targets. Although our findings support the regulatory role of ROCK1, further investigation of downstream effectors, such as SMAD4 and p-MLC [Citation52,Citation53], is required to clarify the mechanisms underlying ROCK1-mediated fibrotic and inflammatory responses.

Future studies will include examining the fibrotic potential of other highly pathogenic IAV with zoonotic potential, such as H7N9. Additionally, we will assess the effects of currently approved antiviral therapies, such as neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g. Oseltamivir) and endonuclease inhibitors (e.g. Baloxavir), in combination with ROCK1 inhibitors, which could provide additive or synergistic benefits by simultaneously controlling virus-induced lung injury and mitigating fibrotic responses.

In conclusion, our findings highlight the efficient replication and innate immunity immune activation of H5N1 in HAO. H5N1 induces a robust inflammatory and fibrotic response, driven by NF-κB and TGF-β signalling, contributing to airway remodelling and fibrosis. 

 ROCK1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation in appropriate in vivo models. These insights emphasize the importance of developing host-targeted therapies to prevent severe lung complications associated with influenza infections.

torsdag 24 juli 2025

Chikungunya-purkauksista jälleen uusia tietoja 2025 . Vektori myös AEDES-lajeja

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071909125000348?via%3Dihub

  • Tämån vuoden artikkelista olennaista tietoa CHIKV viruksesta ja vektorista.  
  •  LÄHDETIEDOT: 

    Chikungunya virus infection: A scoping review highlighting pediatric systemic and neurologic complications

    , , ,

Epidemiology

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the primary vectors responsible for the transmission of several medically significant arboviruses, including dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses.4 Aedes aegypti, originally native to Africa, has expanded globally via maritime trade and now predominantly inhabits tropical and subtropical urban regions. It demonstrates endophilic behavior and a strong preference for human hosts, contributing to its high vectorial capacity in densely populated areas.5,6 In contrast, Aedes albopictus, native to Asia, has successfully colonized both tropical and temperate climates.
 
 Its ability to produce cold-resistant diapausing eggs enables overwintering in cooler Environmental temperature plays a critical role in modulating CHIKV transmission. Higher temperatures have been shown to accelerate viral replication within the mosquito and reduce the extrinsic incubation period, thereby enhancing infectivity.12,13 Consequently, climate change may facilitate the expansion of Aedes vectors into regions previously unsuitable for sustained transmission. This phenomenon has already manifested in parts of Europe, where local cases of CHIKV and other arboviral infections have recently 
emerged.14, 15, 16Microbiology
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus within the Togaviridae family. Its envelope glycoproteins (gp.) , E1 and E2, form heterodimers that organize into trimeric spikes on the virion surface, mediating host cell entry. E1 contains a hydrophobic fusion peptide crucial for membrane fusion, while E2 facilitates receptor binding and is the principal target of host neutralizing antibodies. During maturation, the precursor protein p62—comprising E2 and E3—is processed in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), with E3 remaining associated with E2 until final virion assembly is complete. CHIKV engages host cell receptors including glycosaminoglycans (gag)  and the adhesion molecule Mxra8, which promotes viral attachment and internalization. Entry is predominantly mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, both of which require endosomal acidification.17,18
emerged.14, 15, 16 environments, facilitating its global spread since the 1960s.6,7
 
In addition to viral and host factors, the mosquito’s microbiota significantly influences CHIKV replication and transmission. The gut microbiome can alter virus dynamics following a blood meal19 and modulate the vector's innate immune response.20 Among the microbial inhabitants, Wolbachia—an intracellular, maternally transmitted bacterium present in approximately 60 % of insect species—has emerged as a potential tool for vector control. While Aedes albopictus naturally harbors Wolbachia, Aedes aegypti does not.21 However, experimental introduction of Wolbachia into A. aegypti has been shown to suppress CHIKV replication, likely through immune priming mechanisms.21,22 

Clinical manifestations

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is associated with high attack rates during outbreaks (35–75 %), such as during the Réunion Island epidemic, where laboratory-confirmed cases totaled 16,050 and estimated cases reached 244,000 (35 % attack rate).28,29 CHIKV infection presents age-dependent clinical features and severity, ranging from mild febrile illness in children to severe multisystem disease in neonates and chronic sequelae in adults. Recognizing these patterns is essential to guide diagnosis, monitoring, and management.

Systemic manifestations

Overall, systemic chikungunya presents a spectrum of disease severity. While adults bear the brunt of chronic rheumatologic sequelae, neonates face the most acute risk of life-threatening complications, and children typically experience intermediate, self-limited illness with some risk of complications in infancy.

Neonates

They are at the highest risk for severe systemic disease, especially those born to viremic mother
 

onsdag 23 juli 2025

Neurodegeneratiivisen taudin taustalla lukuiset virukset

 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37704050/

Epub 2023 Sep 12.Alzheimer's disease as a viral disease: Revisiting the infectious hypothesis
Affiliations Free article
Abstract. Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. Two major forms of the disease exist: sporadic - the causes of which have not yet been fully understood - and familial - inherited within families from generation to generation, with a clear autosomal dominant transmission of mutations in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), 2 (PSEN2) or Amyloid Precursors Protein (APP) genes. The main hallmark of AD consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein. An ever-growing body of research supports the viral infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD. In particular, it has been shown that several herpes viruses (i.e., HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or varicella zoster virus, HHV-4 or Epstein Barr virus, HHV-5 or cytomegalovirus, HHV-6A and B, HHV-7), flaviviruses (i.e., Zika virus, Dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), SARS-CoV2, Ljungan virus (LV), Influenza A virus and Borna disease virus, could increase the risk of AD. Here, we summarized and discussed these results. Based on these findings, significant issues for future studies are also put forward.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Beta amyloid; Infectious hypothesis; Neurodegeneration; Tau protein; Virus. 

 

EBV virus mainitaan joukossa. Se varinaisesti o ehkä  ihmisen terveelle ja  täsmälliseksi kypsyneelle  immuunivasteelle tärkeä virittäjävirus.  Ehkä luonnollisen immuniteetin ja täsmällisen soluvälitteisen ja humoraalin  immuunivasteen  antivirussiiven  funktionaalinen kunto ontuu jollain tavalla, mitä ei  tiede ole vielä  pystynyt  havaitsemaan ja sen takia ei löydetä keinoja  immuunivasteen  kohentamiseksi riittävästi.

ekijöitä, jotka osallistuvat immuunijärjestelmiin on tietysti  kymmenin tuhansin,  Valtavasti tiedetäänkin  geeneistä ja proteiineista  jo, mutta  johtopäätöksien tekeminen ei ole joka miehen  hallussa. Vaikuttavia tekijöitä on myriadi, tähtitieteellinen lukumääsä. Siitä huolimatta  kehon resurssit  ovat samaa luokkaa. Voidaan ainakin tutkia, miten voimme vaikuttaa  ihmiselle annetun geneettisen resurssikirjon edullisimpaan  toimintaan terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi. Joskuson kyse aivan perustavan yksinketaisistakin asioista ja esim.  elämäntavoista ja tottumuksista, joita voi  ihan tavallisen järjen avulla muokata  tervehdyttävään suunttaan.  

 

måndag 21 juli 2025

SvD tietoa USAn nautakarjassa esiintyvästä lintuiinfluenssaviruksesta A H5N1

Virusta ei ole tavattuEuroopan nautakarjassa tähän mennessä. 


Hotet från fågelinfluensan

Veterinär om upptäckten i USA: ”Svårt tro på först”

Trots att man i 30 år befarat att H5N1 blir nästa pandemi har viruset inte anpassat sig till människor. När mjölk­kor i USA nu oväntat smittats av fågel­influensa är forskarna på helspänn.



ps://www.svd.se/a/eM8Jx9/fagelinfluensan-h5n1-bland-kor-i-usa-forvanar-virusexperter